Prudential plc - FY19 Results - EEV

RNS Number : 6896F
Prudential PLC
11 March 2020
 

European Embedded Value (EEV) Basis Results 

     

SUMMARISED CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENT

 

 

 

2019 $m

 

2018 $m

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Asia

US

Group total

 

Group total

 

Note

 

 

 

 

 

Continuing operations:

 

 

 

 

 

 

New business

3

3,522

883

4,405

 

4,707

Business in force

4

2,366

874

3,240

 

3,975

Long-term business

 

5,888

1,757

7,645

 

8,682

Asset management

 

250

25

275

 

216

Operating profit from long-term business and asset management

 

6,138

1,782

7,920

 

8,898

Other income and expenditurenote (i)

 

 

 

(923)

 

(969)

Restructuring costsnote (ii)

 

 

 

(92)

 

(63)

Operating profit from continuing operations

 

 

 

6,905

 

7,866

Short-term fluctuations in investment returns

5

 

 

3,254

 

(3,335)

Effect of changes in economic assumptions

6

 

 

(1,868)

 

416

Impact of NAIC reform, hedge modelling and other related changes in the US

7

 

 

(3,457)

 

-

Mark-to-market value movements on core structural borrowings

8

 

 

(466)

 

733

Loss attaching to corporate transactions

9

 

 

(207)

 

(100)

Non-operating loss from continuing operations

 

 

 

(2,744)

 

(2,286)

Profit for the year from continuing operations

 

 

 

4,161

 

5,580

(Loss) profit for the year from discontinued operations

 

 

 

(4,797)

 

546

(Loss) profit for the year

 

 

 

(636)

 

6,126

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Attributable to:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Equity holders of the Company:

 

 

 

 

 

 

  From continuing operations

 

 

 

4,152

 

5,576

  From discontinued operations

 

 

 

(4,797)

 

546

Non-controlling interests from continuing operations

 

 

 

9

 

4

 

 

 

 

(636)

 

6,126

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

EEV basis basic earnings per share

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2019

 

2018

Based on operating profit from continuing operations after non-controlling interests (in cents)

 

 

 

266.6¢

 

305.3¢

Based on (loss) profit for the year attributable to equity holders of the Company (in cents)

 

 

 

 

 

 

From continuing operations

 

 

 

160.5¢

 

216.5¢

From discontinued operations

 

 

 

(185.4)¢

 

21.2¢

 

 

 

 

(24.9)¢

 

237.7¢

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Weighted average number of shares in the year (millions)

 

 

 

2,587

 

2,575

 

Notes

(i)  EEV basis other income and expenditure represents the post-tax IFRS basis results for other operations (including interest costs on core structural borrowings, corporate expenditure for head office functions in London and Hong Kong, the Group's treasury function and Africa operations) less the unwind of expected margins on the internal management of the assets of the covered business (as explained in note 14(i)(g)).

(ii)  Restructuring costs include group-wide costs incurred for IFRS 17 implementation in 2019 from continuing operations.

 

MOVEMENT IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

 

 

2019 $m

 

2018* $m

 

Asia

US

Other

Total continuing operations

Discontinued UK and Europe operations

Group

total

 

 

Group total

Continuing operations:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Operating profit from long-term and asset management businesses

6,138

1,782

-

7,920

 

7,920

 

8,898

Other income and expenditure

-

-

(923)

(923)

 

(923)

 

(969)

Restructuring costs

(31)

(5)

(56)

(92)

 

(92)

 

(63)

Operating profit (loss) from continuing operations

6,107

1,777

(979)

6,905

 

6,905

 

7,866

Non-operating profit (loss) from continuing operations

1,962

(3,802)

(904)

(2,744)

 

(2,744)

 

(2,286)

Profit (loss) for the year from continuing operations

8,069

(2,025)

(1,883)

4,161

 

4,161

 

5,580

(Loss) profit for the year from discontinued operations note (iv)

-

-

-

-

(4,797)

(4,797)

 

546

Profit (loss) for the year

8,069

(2,025)

(1,883)

4,161

(4,797)

(636)

 

6,126

Non-controlling interests

(6)

-

(3)

(9)

-

(9)

 

(4)

Foreign exchange movements on operations

409

-

34

443

223

666

 

(1,574)

Intra-group dividends and investment in operationsnote (i)

(1,270)

(525)

7,276

5,481

(5,481)

-

 

-

External dividends

-

-

(1,634)

(1,634)

-

(1,634)

 

(1,662)

Mark-to-market value movements on Jackson assets backing surplus and required capital

-

206

-

206

-

206

 

(127)

Other movementsnote (ii)

25

(23)

(40)

(38)

133

95

 

176

Demerger dividend in specie of M&G plc

-

-

-

-

(7,379)

(7,379)

 

-

Net increase (decrease) in shareholders' equity

7,227

(2,367)

3,750

8,610

(17,301)

(8,691)

 

2,935

Shareholders' equity at beginning of year

32,008

18,709

(4,616)

46,101

17,301

63,402

 

60,467

Shareholders' equity at end of year

39,235

16,342

(866)

54,711

-

54,711

 

63,402

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Representing:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Long-term business

37,843

16,336

-

54,179

-

54,179

 

64,174

Asset management and other

596

6

(892)

(290)

-

(290)

 

(2,874)

Goodwillnote (v)

796

-

26

822

-

822

 

2,102

Shareholders' equity at end of year

39,235

16,342

(866)

54,711

-

54,711

 

63,402

Shareholders' equity per share at end of yearnote (iii)

1,508¢

628¢

(33)¢

2,103¢

-

2,103¢

 

2,445¢

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Long-term business

30,985

18,658

-

49,643

14,531

64,174

 

62,116

Asset management and other

389

51

(4,616)

(4,176)

1,302

(2,874)

 

(3,621)

Goodwillnote (v)

634

-

-

634

1,468

2,102

 

1,972

Shareholders' equity at beginning of year

32,008

18,709

(4,616)

46,101

17,301

63,402

 

60,467

Shareholders' equity per share at beginning of yearnote (iii)

1,234¢

722¢

(178)¢

1,778¢

667¢

2,445¢

 

2,337¢

*   The 2018 comparative results have been re-presented from those previously published to reflect the change in the Group's presentation currency from pounds sterling to US dollars and the reclassification of the Group's UK and Europe operations as discontinued operations in 2019 (see note 1).

 

Notes

(i)  Intra-group dividends represent dividends that have been declared in the year. Dividends payable by the discontinued UK and Europe operations (M&G plc) to Prudential plc includes a $3,841 million pre-demerger dividend, cash dividends paid in the period of $684 million and restructuring impacts related to the demerger. Investment in operations reflects movements in share capital. The amounts included for these items in the analysis of movement in free surplus (note 11) for Asia are as per the holding company cash flow at transaction rates. The difference primarily relates to intra-group loans, foreign exchange and other non-cash items.

(ii)  Other movements include reserve movements in respect of the shareholders' share of actuarial gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes that were transferred to M&G plc at 30 June 2019, share capital subscribed, share-based payments, treasury shares and intra-group transfers between operations that have no overall effect on the Group's shareholders' equity.

(iii)  Based on the number of issued shares at the end of 2019 of 2,601 million shares (end of 2018/beginning of 2019: 2,593 million shares, beginning of 2018: 2,587 million shares).

(iv)  On 21 October 2019, the Group completed the demerger of its UK and Europe operations (M&G plc), resulting in two separately listed companies. The demerger dividend in specie of M&G plc has been recorded at the fair value of M&G plc at the date of the demerger. The difference between the fair value and its carrying value, together with profit earned up to the date of the demerger have been recorded as loss for the year from the discontinued UK and Europe operations.

(v)  Representing goodwill attributable to shareholders.

 

SUMMARY STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION

 

 

 

31 Dec 2019 $m

 

31 Dec 2018 $m

Assets less liabilities before deduction of insurance funds

396,241

 

549,264

Less insurance funds:*

 

 

 

 

Policyholder liabilities (net of reinsurers' share) and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds

(376,572)

 

(527,273)

 

Shareholders' accrued interest in the long-term business

35,234

 

41,434

 

 

(341,338)

 

(485,839)

Less non-controlling interests

(192)

 

(23)

Total net assets attributable to equity holders of the Company

54,711

 

63,402

 

 

 

 

 

Share capital

172

 

166

Share premium

2,625

 

2,502

IFRS basis shareholders' reserves

16,680

 

19,300

IFRS basis shareholders' equity

19,477

 

21,968

Shareholders' accrued interest in the long-term business

35,234

 

41,434

EEV basis shareholders' equity

54,711

 

63,402

 

 

 

 

 

Representing:

 

 

 

 

Continuing operations

54,711

 

46,101

 

Discontinued UK and Europe operations

-

 

17,301

EEV basis shareholders' equity

54,711

 

63,402

* Including liabilities in respect of insurance products classified as investment contracts under IFRS 4.

 

NOTES ON THE EEV BASIS RESULTS

 

1  Basis of preparation

 

The EEV basis results have been prepared in accordance with the EEV Principles issued by the European Insurance CFO Forum in 2016. The EEV Principles provide consistent definitions, a framework for setting actuarial assumptions and an approach to the underlying methodology and disclosures. Where appropriate, the EEV basis results include the effects of adoption of EU-endorsed IFRS. The Directors are responsible for the preparation of the supplementary information in accordance with the EEV Principles.

 

The Group completed the demerger of its UK and Europe operations, M&G plc, from the Prudential plc Group on 21 October 2019. In line with the treatment of the results under IFRS, the EEV basis results for the Group's UK and Europe operations have been reclassified as discontinued operations and removed from the Group's key performance indicators (KPIs). In the subsequent notes, comparative amounts have been represented to show continuing operations only in order to present the results on a comparable basis. The Directors have also elected to change the Group's presentation currency from pounds sterling to US dollars. The 2018 comparative results have been accordingly re-presented from those previously published for these changes (see note A1 of the Group IFRS financial statements for exchange rates used).

 

Overview

Results prepared under the EEV Principles represent the present value of the shareholders' interest in the post-tax future profits (on a local statutory basis) expected to arise from the current book of long-term business, after sufficient allowance has been made for the aggregate risks in that business. The shareholders' interest in the Group's long-term business comprises:

 

-  The present value of expected future shareholder cash flows from the in-force covered business (value of in-force business), less explicit allowance for the cost of locked-in required capital and the time value of financial options and guarantees across a range of economic scenarios;

-  Locked-in required capital, based on the applicable local statutory regulations, including any amounts considered to be required above the local statutory minimum requirements to satisfy regulatory constraints (the application of this principle to each business unit is set out below); and

-  The shareholders' total net worth in excess of required capital (free surplus). Free surplus is defined in note 11.

 

Required capital

For shareholder-backed business, the following capital requirements apply for long-term business:

 

-  Asia: the level of required capital has been set to an amount at least equal to local statutory notification requirements. For China JV life operations, the level of required capital follows the approach for embedded value reporting issued by the China Association of Actuaries (CAA) reflecting the China Risk Oriented Solvency System (C-ROSS) regime; and

-  US: the level of required capital has been set at 250 per cent of the risk-based capital (RBC) required by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) at the Company Action Level (CAL).

 

Key assumptions

The value of in-force business is determined by projecting post-tax future profits (on a local statutory basis) by product, using best estimate assumptions for operating factors   such as persistency, mortality, morbidity and expenses. Explicit allowances are made for the cost of holding required capital under the applicable local statutory regimes and the time value of financial options and guarantees (TVOG). The TVOG is determined by weighting the probability of outcomes across a large number of different economic scenarios, and is less applicable to health and protection business that generally contain more limited financial options or guarantees.

 

As well as best estimate assumptions for operating factors, the projected cash flows assume a level of future investment return and are discounted using a risk discount rate. Both the risk discount rate and investment return are updated at each valuation date in line with changes in the risk-free rates. During 2019, this has had an overall negative effect on new business and in-force profitability. Different products will be sensitive to different assumptions, for example, spread-based products or products with guarantees are likely to benefit from higher assumed investment returns.

 

Risk discount rates are set equal to the risk-free rate at the valuation date plus a product-specific allowance for market and non-market risks, excluding risks explicitly captured elsewhere such as via the TVOG. Products such as participating and unit-linked business will have typically a higher allowance for market risk as compared to health and protection products due to a higher proportion of equity-type assets within the investment portfolio. Other product design and business features also affect the risks attached to the emergence of shareholder cash flows, for example, the construct of with-profits funds in some business units can reduce the sensitivity of both policyholder and shareholder cash flows for participating products. Risk discount rates in any one business unit will reflect a blend of the risks attaching to the products written in that business.

 

The value of future new business is excluded from the embedded value.

 

A description of the EEV methodology and accounting presentation is provided in note 14, including an explanation of the delineation of profit between operating profit based on longer-term investment returns and non-operating items. Further details of best estimate assumptions are provided in note 15 .

 

Results analysis by business area

 

The 2018 comparative results are shown below on both actual exchange rates (AER) and constant exchange rates (CER) bases. The 2018 CER comparative results are translated at 2019 average exchange rates for US dollars following the change in the Group's presentation currency.

 

Annual premium equivalents (APE) from continuing operations note 16

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Actual exchange rate

 

 

 

Constant exchange rate

 

 

2019 $m

 

2018 $m

Change %

 

2018 $m

Change %

 

Annual

premium

equivalent

New

business

profit

 

Annual

premium

equivalent

New

business

profit

Annual

premium

equivalent

New

business

profit

 

Annual

premium

equivalent

New

business

profit

Annual

premium

equivalent

New

business

profit

Asia

5,161

3,522

 

4,999

3,477

3%

1%

 

4,959

3,460

4%

2%

US

2,223

883

 

2,059

1,230

8%

(28)%

 

2,059

1,230

8%

(28)%

Group total

7,384

4,405

 

7,058

4,707

5%

(6)%

 

7,018

4,690

5%

(6)%

 

Profit for the year

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Actual exchange rate

 

Constant exchange rate

 

2019 $m

 

2018 $m

Change %

 

2018 $m

Change %

Continuing operations:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Asia

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Long-term business

5,888

 

5,858

1%

 

5,843

1%

Asset management

250

 

212

18%

 

209

20%

Total

6,138

 

6,070

1%

 

6,052

1%

US

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Long-term business

1,757

 

2,824

(38)%

 

2,824

(38)%

Asset management

25

 

4

525%

 

4

525%

Total

1,782

 

2,828

(37)%

 

2,828

(37)%

Operating profit from long-term business and asset management

7,920

 

8,898

(11)%

 

8,880

(11)%

Other income and expenditure

(923)

 

(969)

5%

 

(936)

1%

Restructuring costs

(92)

 

(63)

(46)%

 

(61)

(51)%

Operating profit from continuing operations

6,905

 

7,866

(12)%

 

7,883

(12)%

Short-term fluctuations in investment returns

3,254

 

(3,335)

 

 

(3,333)

 

Effect of changes in economic assumptions

(1,868)

 

416

 

 

417

 

Impact of NAIC reform, hedge modelling and other related changes in the US

(3,457)

 

-

 

 

-

 

Mark-to-market value movements on core structural borrowings

(466)

 

733

 

 

702

 

Loss attaching to corporate transactions

(207)

 

(100)

 

 

(99)

 

Total non-operating loss from continuing operations

(2,744)

 

(2,286)

 

 

(2,313)

 

Profit for the year from continuing operations

4,161

 

5,580

(25)%

 

5,570

(25)%

(Loss) profit for the year from discontinued operations

(4,797)

 

546

(979)%

 

522

(1019)%

(Loss) profit for the year

(636)

 

6,126

(110)%

 

6,092

(110)%

 

EEV basis basic earnings per share

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Actual exchange rate

 

Constant exchange rate

 

 

2019

 

2018

Change %

 

2018

Change %

Based on operating profit from continuing operations after non-controlling interests (in cents)

266.6¢

 

305.3¢

(13)%

 

306.1¢

(13)%

Based on (loss) profit for the year attributable to equity holders of the Company (in cents):

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

From continuing operations

160.5¢

 

216.5¢

(26)%

 

216.3¢

(26)%

 

From discontinued operations

(185.4)¢

 

21.2¢

(975)%

 

20.3¢

(1013)%

 

 

(24.9)¢

 

237.7¢

(110)%

 

236.6¢

(111)%

 

3  Analysis of new business contribution

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2019

 

Annual premium

Present value

 of new business

New business

 

New business margin

 

equivalents (APE)

 premiums (PVNBP)

contribution

 

APE

PVNBP

 

$m

$m

$m

 

%

%

 

note 16

note 16

note (i)

 

 

 

Asianote (ii)

 5,161

 29,244

3,522

 

68%

12.0%

US

 2,223

 22,231

883

 

40%

4.0%

Group total

 7,384

 51,475

4,405

 

60%

8.6%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2018

 

Annual premium

Present value

 of new business

New business

 

New business margin

 

equivalents (APE)

 premiums (PVNBP)

contribution

 

APE

PVNBP

 

$m

$m

$m

 

%

%

 

note 16

note 16

note (i)

 

 

 

Asianote (ii)

 4,999

 27,711

 3,477

 

70%

12.5%

US

 2,059

 20,593

 1,230

 

60%

6.0%

Group total

 7,058

 48,304

 4,707

 

67%

9.7%

 

Notes

(i)  The movement in new business contribution from $4,707 million for 2018 to $4,405 million for 2019 from continuing operations is analysed as follows:

 

 

 

Asia $m

US $m

Group total $m

 

2018 new business contribution

3,477

1,230

4,707

 

Foreign exchange movement

(17)

-

(17)

 

Effect of changes in interest rates and other economic assumptions

(35)

(155)

(190)

 

Impact of US EEV hedge modelling enhancementsnote 7

-

(114)

(114)

 

Sales volume, business and product mix and other items

97

(78)

19

 

2019 new business contribution

3,522

883

4,405

 

(ii)  Asia new business contribution is analysed as follows:

 

 

 

2019 $m

 

2018 $m

 

  

 

 

AER

CER

 

China JV

262

 

199

190

 

Hong Kong

2,042

 

2,309

2,310

 

Indonesia

227

 

163

163

 

Taiwan

75

 

61

56

 

Other

916

 

745

741

 

Total Asia

3,522

 

3,477

3,460

 

4   Operating profit from long-term business in force

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2019 $m

 

2018 $m

 

Asia

US

Group

 total

 

Asia

US

Group

 total

Unwind of discount and other expected returnsnote (i)

1,542

728

2,270

 

1,626

1,176

2,802

Effect of changes in operating assumptionsnote (ii)

539

1

540

 

457

154

611

Experience variances and other itemsnote (iii)

285

145

430

 

298

264

562

Total operating profit from long-term business in force

2,366

874

3,240

 

2,381

1,594

3,975

 

Notes

(i)  The movement in unwind of discount and other expected returns from $2,802 million for 2018 to $2,270 million for 2019 from continuing operations is analysed as follows:

 

 

 

 

Asia $m

US $m

Group total $m

 

2018 unwind of discount and other expected returns

1,626

1,176

2,802

 

Foreign exchange movement

(12)

-

(12)

 

Effect of changes in interest rates and other economic assumptions

(234)

(104)

(338)

 

Impact of US EEV hedge modelling enhancementsnote 7

-

(210)

(210)

 

Growth in opening value of in-force business and other items

162

(134)

28

 

2019 unwind of discount and other expected returns

1,542

728

2,270

 

(ii)  The 2019 effect of changes in operating assumptions of $539 million in Asia principally reflects the outcome from the annual review of persistency, claims and expense experience, together with the benefit of medical repricing management actions and the beneficial effect on the effective tax rate for China JV from changes to tax legislation in the first half of 2019.

 

(iii)  In Asia, the 2019 effect of experience variances and other items of $285 million is driven overall by positive mortality and morbidity experience in a number of local business units, together with positive persistency variance from participating and health and protection products.

 

In the US, the effect of experience variances and other items   is analysed as follows:

 

 

 

 

2019 $m

 

2018 $m

 

Spread experience variance

38

 

52

 

Amortisation of interest-related realised gains and losses

102

 

123

 

Other items

5

 

89

 

Total US experience variances and other items

145

 

264

 

Short-term fluctuations in investment returns

 

 

 

2019 $m

2018 $m

Asia

 

 

 

Hong Kong

1,526

(737)

 

Indonesia

(14)

(103)

 

Malaysia

(20)

(109)

 

Singapore

338

(311)

 

Taiwan

147

(37)

 

Thailand

319

(61)

 

Other

155

(16)

Total Asianote (i)

2,451

(1,374)

US

 

 

 

Investment return related experience on fixed income securitiesnote (ii)

(243)

80

 

Investment return related impact due to changed expectation of profits on in-force variable annuity business in future periods based on current period separate account return, net of related hedging activity and other itemsnote (iii)

1,119

(2,057)

Total US

876

(1,977)

Other operations

(73)

16

Group total

3,254

(3,335)

 

Notes

(i)  For 2019, the credit of $2,451 million mainly represents the increase in bond and equity values in Hong Kong and higher than expected investment returns in Singapore, Thailand and Taiwan. The small losses in Indonesia and Malaysia represent bond gains being more than offset by lower than expected equity returns.

(ii)  The net result relating to fixed income securities reflects a number of offsetting items as follows:

-  The impact on portfolio yields of changes in the asset portfolio in the year;

-  Credit experience versus the longer-term assumption (which in 2019 was positive); and

-  The difference between actual realised gains and losses and the amortisation of interest-related realised gains and losses that is recorded within operating profit.

(iii)  This item reflects the net impact of:

-  Changes in projected future fees and future benefit costs arising from the difference between the actual growth in separate account asset values of 24.1 per cent and that assumed of 4.8 per cent (geometric) (2018: actual growth of negative 5.4 per cent compared to assumed growth of positive 5.3 per cent (geometric)); and

-  Related hedging activity arising from realised and unrealised gains and losses on equity and interest rate derivatives compared to the updated expected long-term allowance for hedging costs recorded in operating profit, and other items.

 

6  Effect of changes in economic assumptions

 

 

 

2019 $m

2018 $m

Asia

 

 

 

Hong Kong

(853)

220

 

Indonesia

141

(126)

 

Malaysia

127

(25)

 

Singapore

18

93

 

Taiwan

(142)

(19)

 

Thailand

(220)

37

 

Other

262

(27)

Total Asianote (i)

(667)

153

US

 

 

 

Variable annuity businessnote (ii)

(1,556)

487

 

Fixed annuity and other general account businessnote (iii)

355

(224)

Total US

(1,201)

263

Group total

(1,868)

416

 

Notes

(i)  In 2019, the negative effect of $(667) million largely arises from movements in long-term interest rates, resulting in lower assumed fund earned rates in Hong Kong, Thailand and Taiwan, partially offset by the positive effect of lower risk discount rates in Indonesia and Malaysia in valuing future profits for health and protection business and the effect of changes to the basis of setting economic assumptions as described in note 14(i)(h) and note 15(i).

(ii)  In 2019, the charge of $(1,556) million mainly reflects the effect of a decrease in the assumed separate account return, following the 80 basis points decrease in the US 10-year treasury yield over the year, partially offset by the increase in US equity risk premium as described in note 15(i), resulting in lower projected fee income and an increase in projected benefit costs for variable annuity business.

(iii)  For fixed annuity and other general account business, the impact of $355 million reflects the increase in the present value of future projected spread income from the combined decrease in interest rates and credit spreads in the year.

 

7  Impact of NAIC reform, hedge modelling and other related changes in the US

 

 

 

 

 

 

2019 $m

Impact of NAIC reform adopted at 31 December 2019note (i)

37

Impact of hedge modelling changes and other NAIC reform related changesnote (ii)

(3,494)

Total EEV impact of NAIC reform, hedge modelling and other related changes in the US

(3,457)

 

Notes

(i)  The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) has implemented changes to the US statutory reserve and capital framework for variable annuities, effective from 1 January 2020. Jackson has chosen to early adopt the changes at 31 December 2019 for US statutory reporting and the Group has updated EEV accordingly. The impact on Group EEV is a $37 million benefit, with the increase in the cost of capital from higher capital requirements more than offset by the timing benefit from releasing policyholder liabilities earlier than previously anticipated. The impact on the various components of EEV as at 31 December 2019 is shown below. As discussed in note 14(i)(e), the below is based on a capital requirement of 250 per cent of the risk-based capital company action level and so the impact on free surplus is not equal to the effect on Jackson's US statutory position.

 

 

 

 

Free

surplus

Required

capital

Total net worth

Value of

 in-force

business

Total

embedded

value

 

 

 

$m

$m

$m

$m

$m

 

Impact of NAIC reform adopted at 31 December 2019

(64)

343

279

(242)

37

 

Given that the NAIC reform was adopted at 31 December 2019, with the exception of the amounts shown above there are no other impacts from this change recorded in the 2019 EEV consolidated income statement or in the analysis of movement in free surplus. If the changes had been adopted with effect from 1 January 2019, the Group's 2019 EEV results would not be expected to be materially different.

 

(ii)  Following the implementation of the NAIC's changes to the US statutory reserve and capital framework, enhancements were made to the model used to allow for hedging within US statutory reporting. As a consequence, the Group has chosen to utilise the enhanced model within EEV to update its allowance for the long-term cost of hedging under EEV economic assumptions. In common with established practice for such changes, the EEV income statement has been prepared on the basis that this change had been effected at the start of the year, at a cost of $(3,233) million, included in non-operating profit.

 

The initial impact on EEV is shown as a reduction in the value of in-force business as at 1 January 2019, and so the unwind of those cash flows over the year reduces the expected transfer to net worth and hence operating free surplus generation by $(903) million. This leads to an equal and offsetting benefit in short-term fluctuations as the excess of the actual cost of hedging in 2019 over the expected cost falls accordingly. There is no impact on total free surplus generation for 2019. See note 11 for the US free surplus results.

 

There were no changes to Jackson's hedging philosophy during 2019, which continues to focus on the underlying economics of the products whilst managing the volatility in the statutory position. The revised allowance for the long-term cost of hedging is expected to give a more refined indication of the expected long-term cost of the dynamic hedging programme under EEV economic assumptions, albeit it is not intended to reflect the exact derivatives held at a given point in time. In common with other long-term assumptions, the allowance for the expected cost of hedging in EEV will be kept under review, particularly in light of future experience under the new variable annuity statutory capital regime.

 

In addition to the enhancement to the cost of hedging described above, a number of other changes have been made to EEV reporting following the NAIC reform, coupled with the objective of bringing the EEV free surplus more in line with the US statutory basis of reporting. The total impact of these changes as recorded in EEV non-operating profit was $(261) million. A reconciliation of EEV free surplus to surplus under the Group's LCSM capital measure at 31 December 2019 by segment is provided in note I(i) in the additional financial information.

 

8  Net core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed businesses

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

31 Dec 2019 $m

 

 

31 Dec 2018 $m

 

 

IFRS

basis

Mark-to

-market

value

adjustment

EEV

basis at

market

value

 

IFRS

basis

Mark-to

-market

value

adjustment

EEV

basis at

market

value

Holding company cash and short-term investmentsnote (i)

(2,207)

-

(2,207)

 

(4,121)

-

(4,121)

Central borrowings:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Subordinated debt held post demerger of M&G plcnote (ii)

4,304

327

4,631

 

4,785

(138)

4,647

 

Senior debt

690

221

911

 

658

222

880

 

Bank loan

350

-

350

 

350

-

350

Central funds before amounts substituted to M&G plc

5,344

548

5,892

 

5,793

84

5,877

Subordinated debt substituted to M&G plc in 2019note (iii)

-

-

-

 

3,718

82

3,800

Total central borrowings

5,344

548

5,892

 

9,511

166

9,677

Total net borrowings for central operations

3,137

548

3,685

 

5,390

166

5,556

Jackson Surplus Notes

250

85

335

 

250

67

317

Net core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed businesses note (iv)

3,387

633

4,020

 

5,640

233

5,873

 

Notes

(i)  Holding company includes central finance subsidiaries.

(ii)  In May 2019, the Company redeemed its £400 million 11.375 per cent subordinated notes.

(iii)  In October 2019, Prudential plc transferred subordinated debt to M&G plc as part of the demerger. In addition to the subordinated debt held at 31 December 2018 as shown in the table above, the debt transferred included the further £300 million 3.875 per cent subordinated debt raised in July 2019.

(iv)  The movement in the value of core structural borrowings includes foreign exchange effects for pounds sterling denominated debts, which are included in 'Exchange movements on foreign operations'. The movement in the mark-to-market value adjustment can be analysed as follows:

 

 

 

2019 $m

2018 $m

 

Mark-to-market value adjustment at beginning of year

233

1,005

 

Mark-to-market value adjustment on subordinated debt substituted to M&G plc at beginning of year

(82)

-

 

Charge (credit) in respect of mark-to-market movements included in the income statement*

466

(733)

 

Effect of foreign exchange movements for pounds sterling denominated debts

16

(39)

 

Mark-to-market value adjustment at end of year

633

233

 

* Relates to continuing debt only.

 

9  Gain (loss) attaching to corporate transactions

 

 

2019 $m

2018 $m

Gain on disposalsnote (i)

178

-

Other corporate transactionsnote (ii)

(385)

(100)

Total

(207)

(100)

 

Notes

(i)  In 2019, the $178 million gain on disposals mainly relates to profits arising from a reduction in the Group's stake (from 26 per cent to 22 per cent) in its associate in India, ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Company, and the disposal of Prudential Vietnam Finance Company Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary that provides consumer finance.

(ii)  In 2019, other corporate transactions undertaken by continuing operations resulted in an EEV loss of $(385) million (2018: $(100) million). This primarily reflects costs related to the demerger of M&G plc from Prudential plc.

 

10  Analysis of movement in total net worth and value of in-force for long-term business

 

 

 

2019 $m

 

 

Free

surplus

Required

capital

Total

net worth

 

Value of

in-force business

Total

embedded

value

Group

 

 

 

 

 

 

Shareholders' equity at beginning of year

9,587

12,542

22,129

 

42,045

64,174

Demerger of UK and Europe operations

(4,676)

(6,513)

(11,189)

 

(3,342)

(14,531)

Shareholders' equity at beginning of year from continuing operationsnote

4,911

6,029

10,940

 

38,703

49,643

New business contributionnote 3

(1,158)

899

(259)

 

4,664

4,405

Existing business - transfer to net worth

3,081

(613)

2,468

 

(2,468)

-

Expected return on existing businessnote 4

141

159

300

 

1,970

2,270

Changes in operating assumptions and experience variancesnote 4

558

103

661

 

309

970

Restructuring costs

(5)

-

(5)

 

-

(5)

Operating profit from continuing operations

2,617

548

3,165

 

4,475

7,640

Non-operating profit (loss) from continuing operations

(568)

262

(306)

 

(1,534)

(1,840)

Profit for the year from continuing operations

2,049

810

2,859

 

2,941

5,800

Foreign exchange movements

66

52

118

 

251

369

Intra-group dividends and investment in operations

(1,633)

-

(1,633)

 

-

(1,633)

Other movements

2

-

2

 

(2)

-

Shareholders' equity at end of year note

5,395

6,891

12,286

 

41,893

54,179

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Asia

 

 

 

 

 

 

Shareholders' equity at beginning of year

2,202

2,904

5,106

 

25,879

30,985

New business contributionnote 3

(619)

241

(378)

 

3,900

3,522

Existing business - transfer to net worth

1,914

(320)

1,594

 

(1,594)

-

Expected return on existing businessnote 4

80

67

147

 

1,395

1,542

Changes in operating assumptions and experience variancesnote 4

147

116

263

 

561

824

Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns

1,522

104

1,626

 

4,262

5,888

Non-operating profit

1,195

122

1,317

 

645

1,962

Profit for the year

2,717

226

2,943

 

4,907

7,850

Foreign exchange movements

66

52

118

 

251

369

Intra-group dividends and investment in operations

(1,108)

-

(1,108)

 

-

(1,108)

Other movements

(253)

-

(253)

 

-

(253)

Shareholders' equity at end of year

3,624

3,182

6,806

 

31,037

37,843

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

US

 

 

 

 

 

 

Shareholders' equity at beginning of year

2,709

3,125

5,834

 

12,824

18,658

New business contributionnote 3

(539)

658

119

 

764

883

Existing business - transfer to net worth

1,167

(293)

874

 

(874)

-

Expected return on existing businessnote 4

61

92

153

 

575

728

Changes in operating assumptions and experience variancesnote 4

411

(13)

398

 

(252)

146

Restructuring costs

(5)

-

(5)

 

-

(5)

Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns

1,095

444

1,539

 

213

1,752

Non-operating profit (loss)

(1,763)

140

(1,623)

 

(2,179)

(3,802)

Profit (loss) for the year

(668)

584

(84)

 

(1,966)

(2,050)

Intra-group dividends and investment in operations

(525)

-

(525)

 

-

(525)

Other movements

255

-

255

 

(2)

253

Shareholders' equity at end of year

1,771

3,709

5,480

 

10,856

16,336

 

Note

The net value of in-force business for continuing operations comprises the value of future margins from current in-force business less the cost of holding required capital for long-term business as shown below:

 

 

 

31 Dec 2019 $m

31 Dec 2018 $m

 

 

Asia

US

Group

total

 

Asia

US

Group

total

Value of in-force business before deduction of cost of

  capital and time value of options and guarantees

32,396

11,417

43,813

 

27,849

15,043

42,892

Cost of capital

(866)

(370)

(1,236)

 

(721)

(377)

(1,098)

Time value of options and guarantees*

(493)

(191)

(684)

 

(1,249)

(1,842)

(3,091)

Net value of in-force business

31,037

10,856

41,893

 

25,879

12,824

38,703

Total net worth

6,806

5,480

12,286

 

5,106

5,834

10,940

Total embedded value

37,843

16,336

54,179

 

30,985

18,658

49,643

*  The time value of options and guarantees (TVOG) arises from the variability of economic outcomes in the future and is, where appropriate, calculated as the difference between an average outcome across a range of economic scenarios, calibrated around a central scenario, and the outcome from one central economic scenario, as described in note 14(i)(d). The TVOG and the outcome from the central economic scenario are linked; as the central economic scenario is updated for market conditions and the outcome reflects more or less of the guaranteed benefit payouts and associated product charges, there will be consequential changes to the TVOG.

 

11  Analysis of movement in free surplus

 

For EEV covered business, free surplus is the excess of the regulatory basis net assets for EEV reporting purposes (total net worth) over the capital required to support the covered business. Where appropriate, adjustments are made to total net worth so that backing assets are included at fair value rather than at cost to comply with the EEV Principles. In the Group's Asia and US operations, assets deemed to be inadmissible on a local regulatory basis are included in net worth where considered recognisable on an EEV basis, with the exception of deferred tax assets in the US that are inadmissible under the local regulatory basis, which have been included in the value of in-force business (VIF) within the Group's EEV results. Free surplus for asset management and other operations (including assets and liabilities of the Group's central operations, the Group's treasury function and Africa operations) is taken to be IFRS basis post-tax earnings and shareholders' equity, net of goodwill attributable to shareholders, with subordinated debt recorded as free surplus to the extent that it is classified as available capital under the Group's capital regime. A reconciliation of EEV free surplus to the Group's Local Capital Summation Method (LCSM) surplus over Group minimum capital requirements is set out in note I(i) in the additional financial information.

 

 

 

2019 $m

 

 

Continuing operations

 

Discontinued

UK and Europe

operations

 

Group

total

 

Asia

US

Total

insurance

and asset

management

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

note (a)

note (b)

 

note (e)

 

 

 

 

Operating free surplus generated before impact of US EEV
   hedge modelling enhancements and restructuring costs

1,772

2,028

3,800

(923)

 

 

 

2,877

Impact of US EEV hedge modelling enhancementsnote 7

-

(903)

(903)

-

 

 

 

(903)

Operating free surplus generated before

  restructuring costs

1,772

1,125

2,897

(923)

 

 

 

1,974

Restructuring costs

(31)

(5)

(36)

(56)

 

 

 

(92)

Operating free surplus generated

1,741

1,120

2,861

(979)

 

 

 

1,882

Non-operating profit (loss) from continuing operationsnote (f)

1,195

(1,763)

(568)

(448)

 

 

 

(1,016)

Free surplus generated from discontinued operationsnote (g)

-

-

-

-

 

2,512

 

2,512

Free surplus generated in the year

2,936

(643)

2,293

(1,427)

 

2,512

 

3,378

Net cash flows paid to parent companynote (h)

(950)

(525)

(1,475)

2,159

 

(684)

 

-

Demerger dividend in specie of M&G plc

-

-

-

-

 

(7,379)

 

(7,379)

External dividends

-

-

-

(1,634)

 

-

 

(1,634)

Foreign exchange movements on foreign

  operations, timing differences and other itemsnote (i)

(357)

185

(172)

810

 

(426)

 

212

Net movement in free surplus

1,629

(983)

646

(92)

 

(5,977)

 

(5,423)

Balance at beginning of year

2,591

2,760

5,351

3,831

 

5,977

 

15,159

Balance at end of year note (j)

4,220

1,777

5,997

3,739

 

-

 

9,736

Representing:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Free surplus excluding distribution rights and

  other intangibles

3,624

1,753

5,377

1,227

 

-

 

6,604

Distribution rights and other intangibles

596

24

620

2,512

 

-

 

3,132

 

4,220

1,777

5,997

3,739

 

-

 

9,736

 

 

 

2018 $m

 

 

Continuing operations

 

Discontinued

UK and Europe

operations

 

Group

total

 

Asia

US

Total insurance

and asset

management

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

note (a)

note (b)

 

 

 

 

 

 

Operating free surplus generated before

  restructuring costs

1,563

1,895

3,458

(969)

 

 

 

2,489

Restructuring costs

(25)

(23)

(48)

(15)

 

 

 

(63)

Operating free surplus generated

1,538

1,872

3,410

(984)

 

 

 

2,426

Non-operating loss from continuing operationsnote (f)

(525)

(1,124)

(1,649)

(29)

 

 

 

(1,678)

Free surplus generated from discontinued operations

-

-

-

-

 

2,624

 

2,624

Free surplus generated in the year

1,013

748

1,761

(1,013)

 

2,624

 

3,372

Net cash flows to parent companynote (h)

(916)

(452)

(1,368)

2,259

 

(891)

 

-

External dividends

-

-

-

(1,662)

 

-

 

(1,662)

Foreign exchange movements, timing differences and other itemsnote (i)

(847)

(144)

(991)

1,847

 

(58)

 

798

Net movement in free surplus

(750)

152

(598)

1,431

 

1,675

 

2,508

Balance at beginning of year

3,341

2,608

5,949

2,400

 

4,302

 

12,651

Balance at end of year

2,591

2,760

5,351

3,831

 

5,977

 

15,159

Representing:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Free surplus excluding distribution rights and

  other intangibles

2,050

2,733

4,783

2,300

 

5,968

 

13,051

Distribution rights and other intangibles

541

27

568

1,531

 

9

 

2,108

 

2,591

2,760

5,351

3,831

 

5,977

 

15,159

 

Notes

(a)  Operating free surplus generated by Asia insurance and asset management operations before restructuring costs can be analysed as follows:

 

 

 

 

2019 $m

 

2018 $m

 

% change

 

 

 

 

AER

CER

 

AER

CER

 

Operating free surplus generated from

  in-force life business

2,141

 

2,003

2,004

 

7%

7%

 

Investment in new businessnote (c)

(619)

 

(652)

(646)

 

5%

4%

 

Long-term business

1,522

 

1,351

1,358

 

13%

12%

 

Asset management

250

 

212

209

 

18%

20%

 

Total Asia

1,772

 

1,563

1,567

 

13%

13%

 

(b)  Operating free surplus generated by US insurance and asset management operations before restructuring costs can be analysed as follows:

 

 

 

 

2019 $m

 

2018 $m

 

% change

 

2,542

 

2,191

 

16%

 

Impact of EEV hedge modelling enhancementsnote 7

(903)

 

-

 

-

 

1,639

 

2,191

 

(25)%

 

Investment in new businessnote (c)

(539)

 

(300)

 

(80)%

 

1,100

 

1,891

 

(42)%

 

Asset management

25

 

4

 

525%

 

Total US

1,125

 

1,895

 

(41)%

 

(c)  Free surplus invested in new business primarily represents acquisition costs and amounts set aside for required capital.

(d)  The increase in the US in-force free surplus generation before the EEV hedge modelling enhancements described in note 7 includes a $355 million benefit from the release of incremental reserves following the integration of the recently acquired John Hancock business.

(e)  Other operating free surplus generated for "other business" includes $(145) million (2018: $(103) million) of interest costs (net of tax) on debt that was substituted to M&G plc in October 2019.

(f)  Non-operating items include short-term fluctuations in investment returns, the effect of changes in economic assumptions for long-term business, the impact of NAIC reform, hedge modelling and other related changes in the US (as described in note 7) and the effect of corporate transactions (as described in note 9). In particular, for other business it includes $(383) million for demerger costs (post-tax). In addition, for 2018 this included the impact in the US of changes to RBC factors following the US tax reform, which were formally approved by the NAIC in June 2018.

(g)  Free surplus generated from the discontinued UK and Europe operations in 2019 includes profit for the period of ownership up to the demerger in October 2019 and fair value adjustment at the date of the demerger.

(h)  Net cash flows to parent company for Asia operations reflect the flows as included in the holding company cash flow.

(i)  Foreign exchange movements, timing differences and other items represent:

 

 

 

 

2019 $m

 

 

 

Continuing operations

Discontinued UK and Europe operations

Group

total

 

 

Asia

US

Total insurance

and asset

management

Other

 

 

 

Foreign exchange movements

99

-

99

91

77

267

 

Mark-to-market value movements on Jackson

  assets backing surplus and required capital

-

206

206

-

-

206

 

Other items (including intra-group loans and other

  intra-group transfers between operations and

  other non-cash items)*

(456)

(21)

(477)

719

(503)

(261)

 

 

 

(357)

185

(172)

810

(426)

212

 

 

* The Group total for other items in 2019 included the effect of the redemption of $0.5 billion of subordinated debt.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2018 $m

 

 

 

Continuing operations

Discontinued UK and Europe operations

Group

total

 

 

Asia

US

Total insurance

and asset

management

Other

 

 

 

Foreign exchange movements

(67)

3

(64)

(170)

(377)

(611)

 

Mark-to-market value movements on Jackson

  assets backing surplus and required capital

-

(127)

(127)

-

-

(127)

 

Other items (including intra-group loans and other

  intra-group transfers between operations and

  other non-cash items)*

(780)

(20)

(800)

2,017

319

1,536

 

 

 

(847)

(144)

(991)

1,847

(58)

798

 * The Group total for other items in 2018 included the effect of the net issuance of $1.5 billion of subordinated debt.

 

(j)  Free surplus from continuing operations at 31 December 2019 represents:

 

 

 

 

2019 $m

 

 

Asia

US

Total insurance

and asset

management

Other

Group total

 

Long-term business

3,624

1,771

5,395

-

5,395

 

Asset management and other

596

6

602

3,739

4,341

 

Total

4,220

1,777

5,997

3,739

9,736

 

 

12  Expected transfer of value of in-force business and required capital to free surplus

 

The discounted value of in-force business and required capital for the Group's continuing long-term business operations can be reconciled to the 2019 and 2018 total emergence of free surplus as follows:

 

 

31 Dec 2019 $m

31 Dec 2018 $m

Required capitalnote 10

6,891

6,029

Value of in-force business (VIF)note 10

41,893

38,703

Other items*

205

1,915

Total continuing long-term business operations

48,989

46,647

* 'Other items' represent the impact of the time value of options and guarantees and amounts incorporated into VIF where there is no definitive timeframe for when the payments will be made or receipts received. These items are excluded from the expected free surplus generation profile below.

 

Cash flows are projected on a deterministic basis and are discounted at the appropriate risk discount rate. The modelled cash flows use the same methodology underpinning the Group's EEV reporting and so are subject to the same assumptions and sensitivities.

 

The table below shows how the VIF generated by the in-force business and the associated required capital for the Group's continuing long-term business operations is modelled as emerging into free surplus over future years.

 

 

 

31 Dec 2019 $m

 

2019 total as shown above

Expected period of conversion of future post-tax distributable earnings

and required capital flows to free surplus

 

 

1-5 years

6-10 years

11-15 years

16-20 years

21-40 years

40+ years

Asia

34,295

8,561

6,335

4,394

3,398

7,715

3,892

US

14,694

6,408

4,735

2,424

825

302

-

Group total

48,989

14,969

11,070

6,818

4,223

8,017

3,892

 

100%

30%

23%

14%

9%

16%

8%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

31 Dec 2018 $m

 

2018 total as shown above

Expected period of conversion of future post-tax distributable earnings

and required capital flows to free surplus from continuing long-term operations

 

 

1-5 years

6-10 years

11-15 years

16-20 years

21-40 years

40+ years

Asia

29,715

7,993

5,330

3,518

2,615

6,876

3,383

US

16,932

8,824

5,214

2,256

481

157

-

Group total

46,647

16,817

10,544

5,774

3,096

7,033

3,383

 

100%

36%

23%

12%

7%

15%

7%

 

13  Sensitivity of results to alternative assumptions

 

(i)  Sensitivity analysis - economic assumptions

 

The tables below show the sensitivity of the embedded value as at 31 December 2019 and 31 December 2018 and the new business contribution for 2019 and 2018 for continuing long-term business to:

 

-  1 per cent increase in the discount rates;

-  1 per cent increase in interest rates, including consequential changes in assumed investment returns for all asset classes, market values of fixed interest assets and risk discount rates (but excluding changes in the allowance for market risk);

-  0.5 per cent decrease in interest rates, including consequential changes in assumed investment returns for all asset classes, market values of fixed interest assets and risk discount rates (but excluding changes in the allowance for market risk);

-  1 per cent rise in equity and property yields;

-  10 per cent fall in market value of equity and property assets (embedded value only); and

-  The Group minimum capital requirements under the LCSM in contrast to EEV basis required capital (embedded value only).

 

The sensitivities shown below are for the impact of instantaneous (and permanent) changes on the embedded value of long-term business operations and include the combined effect on the value of in-force business and net assets (including derivatives) held at the valuation dates indicated. The results only allow for limited management actions such as changes to future policyholder bonuses where applicable. If such economic conditions persisted, the financial impacts may differ to the instantaneous impacts shown below. In this case management could also take additional actions to help mitigate the impact of these stresses. No change in the assets held at the valuation date is assumed when calculating sensitivities. If the changes in assumptions shown in the sensitivities were to occur, the effect shown below would be recorded within two components of the profit analysis for the following year, namely the effect of changes in economic assumptions and short-term fluctuations in investment returns. In addition, for changes in interest rates, the effect shown below for the US (Jackson) would also be recorded within mark-to-market value movements on Jackson assets backing surplus and required capital, which are taken directly to shareholders' equity. In addition to the sensitivity effects shown below, the other components of the profit for the following year would be calculated by reference to the altered assumptions, for example new business contribution and unwind of discount and other expected returns, together with the effect of other changes such as altered corporate bond spreads.

 

New business contribution from continuing long-term business

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2019 $m

 

2018 $m

 

Asia

US

Group

total

 

Asia

US

Group

total

New business contribution note 3

3,522

883

4,405

 

3,477

1,230

4,707

Discount rates - 1% increase

(715)

(22)

(737)

 

(733)

(56)

(789)

Interest rates and consequential effects - 1% increase

(46)

207

161

 

(270)

126

(144)

Interest rates and consequential effects - 0.5% decrease

(121)

(123)

(244)

 

77

(88)

(11)

Equity/property yields - 1% rise

210

70

280

 

174

154

328

 

Embedded value of continuing long-term business

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

31 Dec 2019 $m

 

31 Dec 2018 $m

 

Asia

US

Group

total

 

Asia

US

Group

total

Shareholders' equity note 10

37,843

16,336

54,179

 

30,985

18,658

49,643

Discount rates - 1% increase

 (5,263)

 (509)

 (5,772)

 

 (4,193)

 (653)

 (4,846)

Interest rates and consequential effects - 1% increase

 (1,408)

798

 (610)

 

 (1,992)

152

 (1,840)

Interest rates and consequential effects - 0.5% decrease

 (28)

 (686)

 (714)

 

466

 (348)

118

Equity/property yields - 1% rise

1,758

556

2,314

 

1,326

1,288

2,614

Equity/property market values - 10% fall

 (810)

 (1,205)

 (2,015)

 

 (602)

 (634)

 (1,236)

Group minimum capital requirements

175

221

396

 

140

276

416

 

The directional movements in the sensitivities from 31 December 2018 to 31 December 2019 reflect the generally lower government bond yields and higher equity markets at 31 December 2019, and the actual hedging portfolio in place at both valuation dates, which varies due to the nature of Jackson's dynamic hedging programme. 

 

(ii)  Sensitivity analysis - non-economic assumptions

 

The tables below show the sensitivity of the embedded value as at 31 December 2019 and 31 December 2018 and the new business contribution for 2019 and 2018 for continuing long-term business operations to:

 

10 per cent proportionate decrease in maintenance expenses (for example, a 10 per cent sensitivity on a base assumption of $10 per annum would represent an expense assumption of $9 per annum);

10 per cent proportionate decrease in lapse rates (for example, a 10 per cent sensitivity on a base assumption of 5.0 per cent would represent a lapse rate of 4.5 per cent per annum); and

5 per cent proportionate decrease in base mortality (ie increased longevity) and morbidity rates.

 

New business contribution from continuing long-term business operations

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2019 $m

 

2018 $m

 

 

Asia

US

Group total

 

Asia

US

Group total

New business contribution note 3

3,522

883

4,405

 

3,477

1,230

4,707

Maintenance expenses - 10% decrease

67

15

82

 

53

15

68

Lapse rates - 10% decrease

211

24

235

 

206

32

238

Mortality and morbidity - 5% decrease

116

(2)

114

 

93

5

98

 

Embedded value of continuing long-term business operations

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

31 Dec 2019 $m

 

31 Dec 2018 $m

 

 

Asia

US

Group total

 

Asia

US

Group total

Shareholders' equity note 10

37,843

16,336

54,179

 

30,985

18,658

49,643

Maintenance expenses - 10% decrease

411

200

611

 

323

227

550

Lapse rates - 10% decrease

1,459

624

2,083

 

1,238

788

2,026

Mortality and morbidity - 5% decrease

1,323

94

1,417

 

1,063

180

1,243

Change representing effect on:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Life business

1,323

168

1,491

 

1,063

250

1,313

 

Annuities

-

(74)

(74)

 

-

(70)

(70)

 

 

14   Methodology and accounting presentation

 

(i)   Methodology

 

(a)  Covered business

The EEV basis results for the Group are prepared for 'covered business' as defined by the EEV Principles. Covered business represents the Group's long-term insurance business (including the Group's investments in joint venture and associate insurance operations), for which the value of new and in-force contracts is attributable to shareholders.

 

The EEV basis results for the Group's covered business are then combined with the post-tax IFRS basis results of the Group's asset management and other operations (including interest costs on core structural borrowings, corporate expenditure for head office functions in London and Hong Kong, the Group's treasury function and Africa operations) . Under the EEV Principles, the results for covered business incorporate the projected margins of attaching internal asset management, as described in note (g) below.

 

The definition of long-term insurance business comprises those contracts falling under the definition for regulatory purposes together with, for US operations, contracts that are in substance the same as guaranteed investment contracts (GICs) but do not fall under the technical definition.

 

(b)  Valuation of in-force and new business

The EEV basis results are prepared incorporating best estimate assumptions about all relevant factors including levels of future investment returns, persistency, mortality, morbidity and expenses, as described in note 15(iii). These assumptions are used to project future cash flows. The present value of the projected future cash flows is then calculated using a discount rate, as shown in note 15(i), which reflects both the time value of money and all other non-diversifiable risks associated with the cash flows that are not otherwise allowed for.

 

New business

In determining the EEV basis value of new business, premiums are included in projected cash flows on the same basis of distinguishing regular and single premium business as set out in the Group's new business sales reporting.

 

New business premiums reflect those premiums attaching to the covered business, including premiums for contracts classified as investment contracts under IFRS. New business premiums for regular premium products are shown on an annualised basis.

 

New business contribution represents profit determined by applying operating and economic assumptions as at the end of the period. New business profitability is a key metric for the Group's management of the development of the business. In addition, new business margins are shown by reference to annual premium equivalents (APE) and the present value of new business premiums (PVNBP). These margins are calculated as the percentage of the value of new business profit to APE and PVNBP. APE is calculated as the aggregate of regular premiums on new business written in the period and one-tenth of single premiums. PVNBP is calculated as the aggregate of single premiums and the present value of expected future premiums from regular premium new business, allowing for lapses and the other assumptions made in determining the EEV new business contribution.

 

Valuation movements on investments

With the exception of debt securities held by Jackson, investment gains and losses during the year (to the extent that changes in capital values do not directly match changes in liabilities) are included directly in the profit for the year and shareholders' equity as they arise.

 

The results for any covered business conceptually reflect the aggregate of the post-tax IFRS basis results and the movements in the additional shareholders' interest recognised on an EEV basis. Therefore, the start point for the calculation of the EEV basis results for Jackson, as for other businesses, reflects the market value movements recognised on an IFRS basis.

 

In determining the movements in the additional shareholders' interest, for Jackson's debt securities backing liabilities, the aggregate EEV basis results reflect the fact that the value of in-force business incorporates the discounted value of expected future spread earnings. This value is generally not affected by short-term market movements in debt securities that, broadly speaking, are held for the longer term. Consequently, within EEV total net worth, Jackson's debt securities backing liabilities are held on a statutory basis (largely at book value), while those backing surplus and required capital are accounted for at fair value. Consistent with the treatment applied under IFRS, for Jackson's debt securities classified as available-for-sale, movements in unrealised appreciation and depreciation on these securities are accounted for directly in equity rather than in the income statement, as shown in 'Mark-to-market value movements on Jackson assets backing surplus and required capital' in the statement of movement in shareholders' equity.

 

(c)  Cost of capital

A charge is deducted from the embedded value for the cost of locked-in required capital supporting the Group's long-term business. The cost is the difference between the nominal value of the capital held and the discounted value of the projected releases of this capital, allowing for post-tax investment earnings on the capital.

 

The EEV results are affected by the movement in this cost from year to year, which comprises a charge against new business profit and generally a release in respect of the reduction in capital requirements for business in force as this runs off.

 

Where required capital is held within a with-profits long-term fund, the value placed on surplus assets within the fund is already adjusted to reflect its expected release over time and so no further adjustment to the shareholder position is necessary.

 

(d)  Financial options and guarantees

 

Nature of financial options and guarantees in Prudential's long-term business

 

Asia

Participating products in Asia, principally written in Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia, have both guaranteed and non-guaranteed elements. These products provide returns to policyholders through bonuses that are smoothed. There are two types of bonuses: regular and final. Regular bonuses are declared once a year and, once credited, are guaranteed in accordance with the terms of the particular products. Final bonuses are guaranteed only until the next bonus declaration.

 

There are also various non-participating long-term products with guarantees. The principal guarantees are those for whole-of-life contracts with floor levels of policyholder benefits that accrue at rates set at inception and do not vary subsequently with market conditions.

 

US (Jackson)

The principal financial options and guarantees in Jackson are associated with the variable annuity and fixed annuity lines of business.

 

Jackson issues variable annuity contracts for which it contractually guarantees to the contract holder, subject to specific conditions, either: a) a return of no less than total deposits made to the contract, adjusted for any partial withdrawals; b) total deposits made to the contract, adjusted for any partial withdrawals plus a minimum return; or c) the highest contract value on a specified anniversary date, adjusted for any withdrawals following the specified contract anniversary. These guarantees include benefits that are payable upon depletion of funds (Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefits (GMWB)) or as death benefits (Guaranteed Minimum Death Benefits (GMDB) ). These guarantees generally protect the policyholder's contract value in the event of poor equity market performance. Jackson hedges the GMWB and GMDB guarantees through the use of equity options and futures contracts, with an expected long-term future hedging cost allowed for within the EEV value of in-force business to reflect the equity options and futures expected to be held based on the Group's current dynamic hedging programme and consideration of past practice . This allowance was re-estimated in 2019 following the NAIC reform for variable annuity business, as described in note 7. Jackson also historically issued a small amount of income benefits (Guaranteed Minimum Income Benefits (GMIB)), which are now materially fully reinsured.

 

Fixed annuities provide that at Jackson's discretion it may reset the interest rate credited to policyholders' accounts, subject to a guaranteed minimum return, depending on the particular product, jurisdiction where issued and the date of issue.

Jackson also issues fixed index annuities that enable policyholders to obtain a portion of an equity-linked return while providing a guaranteed minimum return, which is of a similar nature to those for fixed annuities.

 

Time value

The value of financial options and guarantees comprises the intrinsic value (arising from a deterministic valuation on best estimate assumptions) and the time value (arising from the variability of economic outcomes in the future).

 

Where appropriate, a full stochastic valuation has been undertaken to determine the time value of financial options and guarantees. The economic assumptions used for the stochastic calculations are consistent with those used for the deterministic calculations. Assumptions specific to the stochastic calculations reflect local market conditions and are based on a combination of actual market data, historic market data and an assessment of long-term economic conditions. Common principles have been adopted across the Group for the stochastic asset models, for example, separate modelling of individual asset classes with an allowance for correlations between various asset classes. Details of the key characteristics of each model are given in note 15 (ii).

 

In deriving the time value of financial options and guarantees, management actions in response to emerging investment and fund solvency conditions have been modelled. Management actions encompass, but are not confined to, investment allocation decisions, levels of regular and final bonuses and credited rates. Bonus rates are projected from current levels and varied in accordance with assumed management actions applying in the emerging investment and fund solvency conditions. In all instances, the modelled actions are in accordance with approved local practice and therefore reflect the options available to management.

 

The time value of financial options and guarantees reflects how the market value of the assets (including derivatives) held to manage the liability portfolios are expected to vary across the range of economic scenarios considered. For instance, in some economic scenarios the derivative portfolio may project gains in excess of the cost of the underlying guarantees on an EEV basis.

 

If the calculation of the time value of options and guarantees results in a positive outcome for a particular product (for example for variable annuity business in the US at 31 December 2019) then the figure is capped at zero, reflecting the strong interaction between the outcome of the central economic scenario and the time value of financial options and guarantees in these circumstances, and the reported value of in-force business before deduction of cost of capital and time value of options and guarantees will reflect the outcome from the full stochastic valuation.

 

(e)  Level of required capital

In adopting the EEV Principles, Prudential has based required capital on the applicable local statutory regulations, including any amounts considered to be required above the local statutory minimum requirements to satisfy regulatory constraints.

 

For shareholder-backed businesses, the following capital requirements for long-term business apply:

 

-  Asia: the level of required capital has been set to an amount at least equal to local statutory notification requirements. For China JV life operations, the level of required capital follows the approach for embedded value reporting issued by the China Association of Actuaries (CAA) reflecting the C-ROSS regime; and

-  US: the level of required capital has been set at 250 per cent of the risk-based capital (RBC) required by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) at the Company Action Level (CAL).

 

(f)  With-profits business and the treatment of the estate

For the Group's relevant Asia operations, the proportion of surplus allocated to shareholders from the with-profits funds has been based on the applicable profit distribution between shareholders and policyholders. The EEV methodology includes the value attributed to the shareholders' interest in the residual estate of the in-force with-profits business. In any scenarios where the total assets of the life fund are insufficient to meet policyholder claims in full, the excess cost is fully attributed to shareholders. As required, adjustments are also made to reflect any capital requirements for with-profits business in Asia in excess of the available capital of the with-profits funds.

 

(g)  Internal asset management

The in-force and new business results from long-term business include the projected future profit or loss from asset management and service companies that support the Group's covered insurance businesses. The results of the Group's asset management operations include the current period profit from the management of both internal and external funds. EEV basis shareholders' other income and expenditure is adjusted to deduct the unwind of the expected margins on the internal management of the assets of the life funds for the period as included in 'Other' operations . The deduction is on a basis consistent with that used for projecting the results for covered insurance business. Accordingly, Group operating profit includes the variance between the actual and expected profit margin in respect of the management of the assets for the covered business.

 

(h)  Allowance for risk and risk discount rates

 

Overview

Under the EEV Principles, discount rates used to determine the present value of expected future cash flows are set by reference to risk-free rates plus a risk margin.

 

The risk-free rates are based on local government bond yields at the valuation date and are generally assumed to remain constant throughout the projection.

 

The risk margin reflects any non-diversifiable risk associated with the emergence of distributable earnings that is not allowed for elsewhere in the valuation. In order to better reflect differences in relative market risk volatility inherent in each product group, Prudential sets the risk discount rates to reflect the expected volatility associated with the expected future cash flows for each product group in the embedded value model, rather than at a Group level.

 

Since financial options and guarantees are explicitly valued under the EEV methodology, risk discount rates exclude the effect of these product features.

 

The risk margin represents the aggregate of the allowance for market risk, additional allowance for credit risk where appropriate, and allowance for non-diversifiable non-market risk. No allowance is required for non-market risks where these are assumed to be fully diversifiable.

 

Market risk allowance

The allowance for market risk represents the beta multiplied by an equity risk premium.

 

The beta of a portfolio or product measures its relative market risk. The risk discount rates reflect the market risk inherent in each product group and hence the volatility of product-specific cash flows. These are determined by considering how the profit from each product is affected by changes in expected returns on various asset classes. By converting this into a relative rate of return, it is possible to derive a product-specific beta.

 

Product level betas reflect the product mix at the valuation date to produce appropriate betas and risk discount rates for each major product group.

 

In 2019, the Group reconsidered the application of this methodology for certain Asia businesses to reflect a more granular assessment of the underlying market risks when determining the beta, alongside other refinements. These refinements resulted in the change in the risk discount rate for Vietnam shown in note 15(i)(a), and had an impact of $67 million via the effect of change in economic assumptions in note 6. There were small consequential effects on new business contribution and in-force operating profit, which were overall not material in the context of the Group's results.

 

Additional credit risk allowance

The Group's methodology allows for credit risk. The total allowance for credit risk is to cover expected long-term defaults, credit risk premium (to reflect the volatility in downgrade and default levels) and short-term downgrades and defaults.

 

These allowances are initially reflected in determining best estimate returns and through the market risk allowance described above. However, for those businesses largely backed by holdings of debt securities, these allowances in the projected returns and market risk allowances may not be sufficient and an additional allowance may be appropriate.

 

The practical application of the allowance for credit risk varies depending on the type of business as described below:

 

Asia

For Asia, the allowance for credit risk incorporated in the projected rates of return and the market risk allowance is considered to be sufficient. Accordingly, no additional allowance for credit risk is required.

 

The projected rates of return for holdings of corporate bonds comprise the risk-free rate plus an assessment of long-term spread over the risk-free rate.

 

US (Jackson)

For Jackson, the allowance for long-term defaults of 0.17 per cent at 31 December 2019 (31 December 2018: 0.17 per cent) is reflected in the risk margin reserve charge that is deducted in determining the projected spread margin between the earned rate on the investments and the policyholder crediting rate.

 

The risk discount rate incorporates an additional allowance for credit risk premium and short-term downgrades and defaults, as shown in note 15 (i)(b). In determining this allowance, a number of factors have been considered, in particular including:

 

-   How much of the credit spread on debt securities represents an increased short-term credit risk not reflected in the risk margin reserve long-term default assumptions and how much is liquidity premium (which is the premium required by investors to compensate for the risk of longer-term investments that cannot be easily converted into cash at the fair market value). In assessing this effect, consideration has been given to a number of approaches to estimate the liquidity premium by considering recent statistical data; and

Policyholder benefits for Jackson fixed annuity business are not fixed. It is possible, in adverse economic scenarios, to pass on a component of credit losses to policyholders (subject to guarantee features), through lower investment returns credited to policyholders. Consequently, it is only necessary to allow for the balance of the credit risk in the risk discount rate.

 

The level of the additional allowance is assessed at each reporting period to take account of prevailing credit conditions and as the business in force alters over time. The additional allowance for variable annuity business has been set at one-fifth of the non-variable annuity business to reflect the proportion of the allocated holdings of general account debt securities.

 

Allowance for non-diversifiable non-market risks

The majority of non-market and non-credit risks are considered to be diversifiable. An allowance for non-diversifiable non-market risks is estimated as set out below.

 

A base level allowance of 50 basis points is applied to cover the non-diversifiable non-market risks associated with the Group's covered business. For the Group's businesses in less mature markets (such as the Philippines and Thailand), additional allowances are applied for emerging market risk ranging from 100 to 250 basis points. The level and application of these allowances are reviewed and updated based on an assessment of the Group's exposure and experience in the markets. During 2019, the allowance for emerging market risk was removed for Indonesia, Taiwan and Vietnam reflecting the growth in the size of the businesses and increasing management exposure and experience in the local markets. For the Group's business in more mature markets, no additional allowance is necessary.

 

(i)  Foreign currency translation

Foreign currency profits and losses have been translated at average exchange rates for the year . Foreign currency transactions are translated at the spot rate prevailing at the date of the transactions. This includes external dividends paid to shareholders. Prudential will determine and declare its dividend in US dollars commencing with dividends paid in 2020, including the 2019 second interim dividend. Foreign currency assets and liabilities have been translated at closing exchange rates. The principal exchange rates are shown in note A1 of the Group IFRS financial statements.

 

(j)  Taxation

In determining the post-tax profit for the year for covered business, the overall tax rate includes the impact of tax effects determined on a local regulatory basis. Tax payments and receipts included in the projected future cash flows to determine the value of in-force business are calculated using tax rates that have been announced and substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

 

(ii)  Accounting presentation

 

(a) Analysis of post-tax profit

To the extent applicable, the presentation of the EEV basis profit or loss for the year is consistent with the classification between operating and non-operating results that the Group applies for the analysis of IFRS basis results. Operating results are determined as described in note (b) below and incorporate the following:

 

New business contribution, as defined in note (i)(b) above;

Unwind of discount on the value of in-force business and other expected returns, as described in note (c) below;

The impact of routine changes of estimates relating to operating assumptions, as described in note (d) below; and

Operating experience variances, as described in note (e) below.

 

In addition, operating results include the effect of changes in tax legislation, unless these changes are one-off and structural in nature or primarily affect the level of projected investment returns, in which case they are reflected as a non-operating result.

 

Non-operating results comprise:

 

Short-term fluctuations in investment returns;

Mark-to-market value movements on core structural borrowings;

Effect of changes in economic assumptions;

Impact of NAIC reform, hedge modelling and other related changes in the US; and

The impact of corporate transactions undertaken in the year .

 

Total profit or loss in the year attributable to shareholders and basic earnings per share include these items, together with actual investment returns. The Group believes that operating profit, as adjusted for these items, better reflects underlying performance.

 

(b) Investment returns included in operating profit

For the investment element of the assets covering the total net worth of long-term insurance business, investment returns are recognised in operating results at the expected long-term rates of return. These expected returns are calculated by reference to the asset mix of the portfolio.

 

For the purpose of determining the long-term returns for debt securities of Jackson for fixed annuity and other general account business, a risk margin reserve charge is included, which reflects the expected long-term rate of default based on the credit quality of the portfolio. For Jackson, interest-related realised gains and losses are amortised to the operating results over the maturity period of the sold bonds; for equity-related investments, a long-term rate of return is assumed (as disclosed in note 15(i)(b)), which reflects the aggregation of risk-free rates and the equity risk premium at the end of the reporting period. For variable annuity separate account business, operating profit includes the unwind of discount on the opening value of in-force business adjusted to reflect projected rates of return at the end of the reporting period, with the excess or deficit of the actual return recognised within non-operating results, together with related hedging activity variances.

 

(c)   Unwind of discount and other expected returns

The Group's methodology in determining the unwind of discount and other expected returns is by reference to the value of in-force business at the beginning of the year (adjusted for the effect of changes in economic and operating assumptions in the current year) and required capital and surplus assets.

 

(d)   Effect of changes in operating assumptions

Operating profit includes the effect of changes to non-economic assumptions on the value of in-force business at the end of the reporting period . For presentational purposes the effect of changes is delineated to show the effect on the opening value of in-force business as operating assumption changes, with the experience variances subsequently being determined by reference to the assumptions at the end of the reporting period, as discussed below.

 

(e)   Operating experience variances

Operating profit includes the effect of experience variances on non-economic assumptions, such as persistency, mortality, morbidity, expenses and other factors, which are calculated with reference to the assumptions at the end of the reporting period.

 

(f)  Effect of changes in economic assumptions

Movements in the value of in-force business at the beginning of the year caused by changes in economic assumptions, net of the related changes in the time value of financial options and guarantees, are recorded in non-operating results.

 

15  Assumptions

 

(i)  Principal economic assumptions

The EEV basis results for the Group's covered business have been determined using economic assumptions where both the long-term expected rates of return on investments and risk discount rates are set by reference to risk-free rates of return at the end of the reporting period. The risk-free rates of return are based on local government bond yields, which are generally assumed to remain constant throughout the projection, and are shown below for each of the Group's insurance operations. Expected returns on equity and property asset classes and corporate bonds are derived by adding a risk premium to the risk-free rate based on the Group's long-term view. In the majority of business units, equity risk premiums were increased during 2019 by 25 basis points from those applied at 2018. The related expected return on equity assets and risk discount rates have been increased accordingly. As described in note 14(i)(h), the resulting risk discount rates incorporate allowances for market risk, additional credit risk and non-diversifiable non-market risks appropriate to the features and risks of the underlying products and markets, after considering risks allowed for explicitly elsewhere in the EEV basis, such as cost of capital and the time value of the cost of options and guarantees.

 

The total profit that emerges over the lifetime of an individual contract as calculated under the EEV basis is the same as that calculated under the IFRS basis. Since the EEV basis reflects discounted future cash flows, under the EEV methodology the profit emergence is advanced, thus more closely aligning the timing of the recognition of profit with the efforts and risks of current management actions, particularly with regard to business sold during the year.

 

(a)  Asia notes(2)(3)

 

Risk discount rate %

 

Government bond yield %

 

Expected long-term inflation %

 

New business

 

In-force business

 

 

 

31 Dec

31 Dec

 

31 Dec

31 Dec

 

31 Dec

31 Dec

 

31 Dec

31 Dec

 

2019

2018

 

2019

2018

 

2019

2018

 

2019

2018

China JV

8.2

8.1

 

8.2

8.1

 

3.2

3.3

 

3.0

3.0

Hong Kongnotes (2)(4)

3.7

4.4

 

3.7

4.4

 

1.9

2.7

 

2.5

2.5

Indonesia

10.8

12.4

 

10.8

12.4

 

7.2

8.2

 

4.5

4.5

Malaysianote (4)

5.8

6.6

 

5.9

6.6

 

3.3

4.1

 

2.5

2.5

Philippines

12.3

14.5

 

12.3

14.5

 

4.6

7.0

 

4.0

4.0

Singaporenote (4)

3.3

3.4

 

3.9

4.2

 

1.7

2.1

 

2.0

2.0

Taiwan

3.4

4.5

 

3.0

4.4

 

0.7

0.9

 

1.5

1.5

Thailand

9.2

10.0

 

9.2

10.0

 

1.5

2.5

 

3.0

3.0

Vietnam

5.3

12.6

 

5.5

12.6

 

3.4

5.1

 

5.5

5.5

Total weighted averagenote (1)

4.9

5.4

 

4.9

5.8

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Notes

(1)  Total weighted average risk discount rates for Asia shown above have been determined by weighting each business's risk discount rates by reference to the EEV basis new business contribution and the net closing value of in-force business. The changes in the risk discount rates for individual Asia businesses reflect the movements in the local government bond yields, changes in the equity risk premiums, changes in the allowance for market risk as described in note 14(i)(h) and changes in product mix.

(2)  For Hong Kong, the assumptions shown are for US dollar denominated business. For other businesses, the assumptions shown are for local currency denominated business.

(3)  Equity risk premiums (geometric) in Asia range from 2.9 per cent to 4.8 per cent (31 December 2018: 2.6 per cent to 4.5 per cent).

(4)  The geometric equity return assumptions for the most significant equity holdings of the Asia businesses are:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

31 Dec 2019 %

31 Dec 2018 %

 

Hong Kong (US dollar denominated business)

4.8

5.3

 

Malaysia

7.3

7.9

 

Singapore

5.7

5.8

 

(b)  US

 

 

 

31 Dec 2019 %

31 Dec 2018 %

Risk discount rate:

 

 

 

Variable annuity:

 

 

 

 

Risk discount rate

6.5

7.1

 

 

Additional allowance for credit risk included in risk discount ratenote 14(i)(h)

0.2

0.2

 

Non-variable annuity:

 

 

 

 

Risk discount rate

3.7

4.4

 

 

Additional allowance for credit risk included in risk discount ratenote 14(i)(h)

1.0

1.0

 

Total weighted average:

 

 

 

 

New business

6.1

6.9

 

 

In-force business

6.2

6.8

Allowance for long-term defaults included in projected spreadnote 14(i)(h)

0.17

0.17

US 10-year treasury bond yield

1.9

2.7

Equity risk premium (geometric)

2.9

2.6

Pre-tax expected long-term nominal rate of return for US equities (geometric)

4.8

5.3

Expected long-term rate of inflation

2.9

2.9

S&P 500 equity return volatilitynote (ii)(b)

17.5

17.5

 

Note

Assumed new business spread margins are as follows:

 

 

2019 %

 

2018 %

 

January to June issues

July to December issues

 

January to June issues

July to December issues

Fixed annuity business*

1.50

0.85

 

1.75

1.75

Fixed index annuity business**

0.50

0.50

 

2.00

2.00

Institutional business

0.50

0.50

 

0.50

0.50

* Including the proportion of variable annuity business invested in the general account. The assumed spread margin grades up linearly by 25 basis points to a long-term assumption over five years.

**   The assumed spread margin grades up linearly by 100 basis points over five years, increasing by a further 50 basis points to a long-term assumption at the end of the index option period (2018 issues: grades up linearly by 25 basis points to a long-term assumption over five years).

 

(ii)  Stochastic assumptions

Details are given below of the key characteristics of the models used to determine the time value of financial options and guarantees as referred to in note 14(i)(d).

 

(a)  Asia

-  The stochastic cost of guarantees is primarily of significance for the Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan and Vietnam businesses;

-  The principal asset classes are government bonds, corporate bonds and equity;

-  Interest rates are projected using a stochastic interest rate model calibrated to the current market yields;

-  Equity returns are assumed to follow a log-normal distribution;

-  The corporate bond return is calculated based on a risk-free return plus a mean-reverting spread;

-  The volatility of equity returns ranges from 18 per cent to 35 per cent for both years; and

-  The volatility of government bond yields ranges from 1.1 per cent to 2.0 per cent for both years.

 

(b)  US (Jackson)

-  Interest rates and equity returns are projected using a log-normal generator reflecting historical market data;

-  Corporate bond returns are based on treasury yields plus a spread that reflects current market conditions;

-  The volatility of equity returns ranges from 17 per cent to 26 per cent for both years; and

-  The standard deviation of interest rates ranges from 3.1 per cent to 3.3 per cent (2018: from 3.4 per cent to 3.7 per cent).

 

(iii)  Operating assumptions

 

Best estimate assumptions are used for projecting future cash flows, where best estimate is defined as the mean of the distribution of future possible outcomes. The assumptions are reviewed actively and changes are made when evidence exists that material changes in future experience are reasonably certain.

 

Assumptions required in the calculation of the time value of financial options and guarantees, for example relating to volatilities and correlations, or dynamic algorithms linking liabilities to assets, have been set equal to the best estimates and, wherever material and practical, reflect any dynamic relationships between the assumptions and the stochastic variables.

 

Demographic assumptions

Persistency, mortality and morbidity assumptions are based on an analysis of recent experience, and reflect expected future experience. Where relevant, when calculating the time value of financial options and guarantees, policyholder withdrawal rates vary in line with the emerging investment conditions according to management's expectations. When projecting future cash flows for medical reimbursement business that is repriced annually, explicit allowance is made for expected future premium inflation and separately for future medical claims inflation.

 

Expense assumptions

Expense levels, including those of the service companies that support the Group's long-term business, are based on internal expense analysis and are appropriately allocated to acquisition of new business and renewal of in-force business. For mature business, it is Prudential's policy not to take credit for future cost reduction programmes until the actions to achieve the savings have been delivered. An allowance is made for short-term required expenses that are not representative of the longer-term expense loadings of the relevant businesses. At 31 December 2019 the allowance held for these costs across the Group was $313 million, mainly arising in Asia. Expense overruns are reported where these are expected to be short-lived, including businesses that are growing rapidly or are sub-scale.

 

For Asia, expenses comprise costs borne directly and costs recharged from the Group head office function in Hong Kong that are attributable to the covered business. The assumed future expenses for these businesses also include projections of these future recharges. Development expenses are allocated to Asia covered business and are charged as incurred.

 

Corporate expenditure, which is included in other income and expenditure, comprises expenditure of the Group head office function in Hong Kong that is not allocated to the covered business or asset management, primarily for corporate related activities that are charged as incurred, and expenditure of the Group head office function in London, together with restructuring costs incurred across the Group.

 

Tax rates

The assumed long-term effective tax rates for operations reflect the expected incidence of taxable profit and loss in the projected future cash flows as explained in note 14 (i)(j). Except for the change in China JV effective tax rate as discussed in note 4, there has been no change in the effective tax rates applied for projecting future cash flows.

 

16 Insurance new business

 

 

Single premiums

 

Regular premiums

 

Annual premium equivalents (APE)

 

 Present value of new business premiums (PVNBP)

Continuing operations:

2019 $m

 

2018 $m

 

2019 $m

 

2018 $m

 

2019 $m

 

2018 $m

 

2019 $m

 

2018 $m

Asia

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cambodia

-

 

-

 

24

 

26

 

24

 

26

 

111

 

119

Hong Kong

387

 

458

 

1,977

 

2,222

 

2,016

 

2,266

 

12,815

 

13,619

Indonesia

292

 

274

 

361

 

287

 

390

 

315

 

1,668

 

1,215

Malaysia

209

 

112

 

333

 

324

 

355

 

335

 

2,090

 

1,765

Philippines

51

 

57

 

153

 

111

 

158

 

117

 

561

 

395

Singapore

1,217

 

1,242

 

539

 

493

 

660

 

617

 

4,711

 

4,821

Thailand

192

 

290

 

140

 

127

 

159

 

156

 

763

 

813

Vietnam

22

 

27

 

215

 

192

 

217

 

195

 

1,342

 

946

South-east Asia

  including Hong Kong

2,370

 

2,460

 

3,742

 

3,782

 

3,979

 

4,027

 

24,061

 

23,693

China JVnote (b)

710

 

138

 

518

 

390

 

590

 

403

 

2,586

 

1,753

Taiwan

544

 

389

 

278

 

243

 

332

 

282

 

1,418

 

1,052

Indianote (c)

155

 

105

 

245

 

276

 

260

 

287

 

1,179

 

1,213

Total Asia

3,779

 

3,092

 

4,783

 

4,691

 

5,161

 

4,999

 

29,244

 

27,711

US

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Variable annuities

12,692

 

14,433

 

-

 

-

 

1,270

 

1,443

 

12,692

 

14,434

Elite Access

  (variable annuity)

2,002

 

2,245

 

-

 

-

 

200

 

225

 

2,002

 

2,244

Fixed annuities

1,194

 

454

 

-

 

-

 

119

 

46

 

1,194

 

454

Fixed index annuities

3,821

 

335

 

-

 

-

 

382

 

33

 

3,821

 

335

Institutional

2,522

 

3,126

 

-

 

-

 

252

 

312

 

2,522

 

3,126

Total US

22,231

 

20,593

 

-

 

-

 

2,223

 

2,059

 

22,231

 

20,593

Group total note (d)

26,010

 

23,685

 

4,783

 

4,691

 

7,384

 

7,058

 

51,475

 

48,304

 

Notes

(a)  The tables shown above are provided as an indicative volume measure of transactions undertaken in the reporting period that have the potential to generate profit for shareholders. The amounts shown are not, and not intended to be, reflective of premium income recorded in the Group IFRS income statement.  

(b)  New business in China JV is included at Prudential's 50 per cent interest in the joint venture.

(c)  New business in India is included at Prudential's interest in the associate (with effect from 27 March 2019: 22 per cent; 2018: 26 per cent).

(d)  In 2019, the Africa business sold new business APE of $82 million (2018: $51 million on an actual exchange rate basis, $47 million on a constant exchange rate basis). Given the relative immaturity of the Africa business, it is incorporated into the Group's EEV basis results on an IFRS basis and is excluded from new business sales and profit metrics.

 

Additional EEV financial information*

 

A  New business schedules

 

Basis of preparation

 

The format of the schedules is consistent with the distinction between insurance and investment products as applied for previous reporting periods. With the exception of some US institutional business, products categorised as 'insurance' refer to those classified as contracts of long-term insurance business for local regulatory reporting purposes.

 

The details shown for insurance products include contributions for contracts that are classified under IFRS 4, 'Insurance Contracts', as not containing significant insurance risk. These products are described as investment contracts or other financial instruments under IFRS. Contracts included in this category are primarily Guaranteed Investment Contracts and similar funding agreements written in Jackson and certain unit-linked and similar contracts written in Asia insurance operations.

 

New business premiums reflect those premiums attaching to covered business, including premiums for contracts designed as investment products for IFRS reporting and for regular premium products are shown on an annualised basis.

 

Investment products referred to in the tables for funds under management are unit trusts, mutual funds and similar types of retail fund management arrangements. These are unrelated to insurance products that are classified as investment contracts under IFRS 4, as described in the preceding paragraph, although similar IFRS recognition and measurement principles apply to the acquisition costs and fees attaching to this type of business.

 

Post-tax new business profit has been determined using the European Embedded Value (EEV) methodology set out in our EEV basis results supplement.

 

In determining the EEV basis value of new business written in the year when policies incept, premiums are included in projected cash flows on the same basis of distinguishing annual and single premium business as set out for local statutory basis reporting.

 

Annual premium equivalent (APE) sales are subject to rounding.

 

*   The additional financial information is not covered by the KPMG LLP independent audit opinion .

 

Notes to Schedules A(i) to A(iv)

 

(1)  Prudential plc reports its results using both actual exchange rates (AER) and constant exchange rates (CER) to eliminate the impact of exchange translation. Following the change in presentation currency, the rates below are for US dollars against local currency.

 

 

 

Average rate

 

Closing rate

 

$ : local currency

2019

2018

% appreciation (depreciation) of local currency against USD

 

31 Dec

2019

31 Dec

2018

% appreciation (depreciation) of local currency against USD

 

China

6.91

6.61

(4)%

 

6.97

6.87

(1)%

 

Hong Kong

7.84

7.84

-

 

7.79

7.83

1%

 

Indonesia

14,140.84

14,220.82

1%

 

13,882.50

14,380.00

4%

 

Malaysia

4.14

4.03

(3)%

 

4.09

4.13

1%

 

Singapore

1.36

1.35

(1)%

 

1.34

1.36

1%

 

Thailand

31.05

32.30

4%

 

29.75

32.56

9%

 

UK

0.78

0.75

(4)%

 

0.75

0.79

5%

 

Vietnam

23,227.64

23,017.17

(1)%

 

23,172.50

23,195.00

0%


(2)  Annual premium equivalents (APE) are calculated as the aggregate of regular premiums on business written in the year and one-tenth of single premiums. Present value of new business premiums (PVNBP) are calculated as the aggregate of single premiums and the present value of expected future premiums from regular premium new business, allowing for lapses and the other assumptions applied in determining the EEV new business profit.

(3)  New business in China JV is included at Prudential's 50 per cent interest in the joint venture.

(4)  New business in India is included at Prudential's interest in the associate (with effect from 27 March 2019: 22 per cent; 2018: 26 per cent).

(5)  Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF) product flows in Hong Kong are included at Prudential's 36 per cent interest in the Hong Kong MPF business.

(6)  Investment flows for the year exclude Eastspring Money Market Funds (MMF) gross inflow of $236,603 million (2018: gross inflow of $255,722 million) and net outflow of $(1,856) million (2018: net inflow of $2,003 million). The flows also exclude any amounts managed by M&G plc, which was demerged from the Group in October 2019.

(7)  Balance sheet figures have been calculated at the closing exchange rates.

 

 

Schedule A(i) Insurance operations (actual and constant exchange rates)

 

Note:   The 2018 comparative results are shown below on both actual exchange rates (AER) and constant exchange rates (CER), and have been re-presented from those previously published to reflect the change in the Group's presentation currency from pounds sterling to US dollars and the reclassification of the Group's UK and Europe operations as discontinued operations in 2019.

 

AER

Single premiums

Regular premiums

APEnote(2)

PVNBPnote(2)

 

2019

2018

+/(-)

2019

2018

+/(-)

2019

2018

+/(-)

2019

2018

+/(-)

Continuing operations:

$m

$m

%

$m

$m

%

$m

$m

%

$m

$m

%

Asia

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cambodia

-

-

-

24

26

(8)%

24

26

(8)%

111

119

(7)%

Hong Kong

387

458

(16)%

1,977

2,222

(11)%

2,016

2,266

(11)%

12,815

13,619

(6)%

Indonesia

292

274

7%

361

287

26%

390

315

24%

1,668

1,215

37%

Malaysia

209

112

87%

333

324

3%

355

335

6%

2,090

1,765

18%

Philippines

51

57

(11)%

153

111

38%

158

117

35%

561

395

42%

Singapore

1,217

1,242

(2)%

539

493

9%

660

617

7%

4,711

4,821

(2)%

Thailand

192

290

(34)%

140

127

10%

159

156

2%

763

813

(6)%

Vietnam

22

27

(19)%

215

192

12%

217

195

11%

1,342

946

42%

South-east Asia

including Hong Kong

2,370

2,460

(4)%

3,742

3,782

(1)%

3,979

4,027

(1)%

24,061

23,693

2%

China JVnote (3)

710

138

414%

518

390

33%

590

403

46%

2,586

1,753

48%

Taiwan

544

389

40%

278

243

14%

332

282

18%

1,418

1,052

35%

Indianote (4)

155

105

48%

245

276

(11)%

260

287

(9)%

1,179

1,213

(3)%

Total Asia

3,779

3,092

22%

4,783

4,691

2%

5,161

4,999

3%

29,244

27,711

6%

US

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Variable annuities

12,692

14,433

(12)%

-

-

-

1,270

1,443

(12)%

12,692

14,434

(12)%

Elite Access (variable

annuity)

2,002

2,245

(11)%

-

-

-

200

225

(11)%

2,002

2,244

(11)%

Fixed annuities

1,194

454

163%

-

-

-

119

46

159%

1,194

454

163%

Fixed index annuities

3,821

335

1,041%

-

-

-

382

33

1,058%

3,821

335

1,041%

Wholesale

2,522

3,126

(19)%

-

-

-

252

312

(19)%

2,522

3,126

(19)%

Total US

22,231

20,593

8%

-

-

-

2,223

2,059

8%

22,231

20,593

8%

Group total

26,010

23,685

10%

4,783

4,691

2%

7,384

7,058

5%

51,475

48,304

7%

*  In 2019, the Africa business operations sold APE new business of $82 million (2018: $51 million on an actual exchange rate basis). Given the relative immaturity of the Africa business, it is incorporated into the Group's EEV basis results on an IFRS basis and is excluded from new business sales and profit metrics.

 

CER

Single premiums

Regular premiums

APEnote(2)

PVNBPnote(2)

 

2019

2018

+/(-)

2019

2018

+/(-)

2019

2018

+/(-)

2019

2018

+/(-)

Continuing operations:

$m

$m

%

$m

$m

%

$m

$m

%

$m

$m

%

Asia

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cambodia

-

-

-

24

26

(8)%

24

26

(8)%

111

119

(7)%

Hong Kong

387

458

(16)%

1,977

2,221

(11)%

2,016

2,268

(11)%

12,815

13,623

(6)%

Indonesia

292

275

6%

361

289

25%

390

316

23%

1,668

1,222

36%

Malaysia

209

109

92%

333

315

6%

355

326

9%

2,090

1,718

22%

Philippines

51

58

(12)%

153

112

37%

158

118

34%

561

402

40%

Singapore

1,217

1,227

(1)%

539

487

11%

660

609

8%

4,711

4,767

(1)%

Thailand

192

302

(36)%

140

133

5%

159

163

(2)%

763

847

(10)%

Vietnam

22

27

(19)%

215

190

13%

217

193

12%

1,342

936

43%

South-east Asia

including Hong Kong

2,370

2,456

(4)%

3,742

3,773

(1)%

3,979

4,019

(1)%

24,061

23,634

2%

China JVnote (3)

710

132

438%

518

373

39%

590

386

53%

2,586

1,676

54%

Taiwan

544

380

43%

278

237

17%

332

275

21%

1,418

1,026

38%

Indianote (4)

155

102

52%

245

269

(9)%

260

279

(7)%

1,179

1,176

0%

Total Asia

3,779

3,070

23%

4,783

4,652

3%

5,161

4,959

4%

29,244

27,512

6%

US

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Variable annuities

12,692

14,433

(12)%

-

-

-

1,270

1,443

(12)%

12,692

14,434

(12)%

Elite Access (variable

annuity)

2,002

2,245

(11)%

-

-

-

200

225

(11)%

2,002

2,244

(11)%

Fixed annuities

1,194

454

163%

-

-

-

119

46

159%

1,194

454

163%

Fixed index annuities

3,821

335

1,041%

-

-

-

382

33

1,058%

3,821

335

1,041%

Wholesale

2,522

3,126

(19)%

-

-

-

252

312

(19)%

2,522

3,126

(19)%

Total US

22,231

20,593

8%

-

-

-

2,223

2,059

8%

22,231

20,593

8%

Group total

26,010

23,663

10%

4,783

4,652

3%

7,384

7,018

5%

51,475

48,105

7%

*  In 2019, the Africa business operations sold APE new business of $82 million (2018: $47 million on a constant exchange rate basis). Given the relative immaturity of the Africa business, it is incorporated into the Group's EEV basis results on an IFRS basis and is excluded from new business sales and profit metrics.

 

Schedule A(ii) Insurance new business APE (actual and constant exchange rates)

 

Note:   Comparative results for the first half (H1) and second half (H2) of 2018 are presented on both actual exchange rates (AER) and constant exchange rates (CER), and have been re-presented from those previously published to reflect the change in the Group's presentation currency from pounds sterling to US dollars and the reclassification of the Group's UK and Europe operations as discontinued operations in 2019. The H2 amounts are presented on year-to-date average exchange rates (including the effect of retranslating H1 results for movements in average exchange rates between H1 and the year to date).

 

 

AER

CER

 

2018 $m

2019 $m

2018 $m

2019 $m

Continuing operations:

H1

H2

H1

H2

H1

H2

H1

H2

Asia

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cambodia

11

15

15

9

11

15

14

10

Hong Kong

1,021

1,245

1,075

941

1,021

1,247

1,075

941

Indonesia

155

160

156

234

151

165

157

233

Malaysia

161

174

158

197

153

173

157

198

Philippines

52

65

71

87

53

65

71

87

Singapore

282

335

299

361

275

334

297

363

Thailand

73

83

62

97

74

89

64

95

Vietnam

84

111

88

129

82

111

89

128

South-east Asia

including Hong Kong

1,839

2,188

1,924

2,055

1,820

2,199

1,924

2,055

China JVnote (3)

257

146

350

240

237

149

343

247

Taiwan

149

133

149

183

142

133

151

181

Indianote (4)

144

143

137

123

133

146

137

123

Total Asia

2,389

2,610

2,560

2,601

2,332

2,627

2,555

2,606

US

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Variable annuities

749

694

628

642

749

694

628

642

Elite Access (variable

annuity)

122

103

96

104

122

103

96

104

Fixed annuities

23

23

23

96

23

23

23

96

Fixed index annuities

18

15

120

262

18

15

120

262

Wholesale

211

101

208

44

211

101

208

44

Total US

1,123

936

1,075

1,148

1,123

936

1,075

1,148

Group total

3,512

3,546

3,635

3,749

3,455

3,563

3,630

3,754

 

Schedule A(iii) Insurance new business profit (actual and constant exchange rates)

 

Note:   Comparative results for 2018 are presented on both actual exchange rates (AER) and constant exchange rates (CER), and have been re-presented from those previously published to reflect the change in the Group's presentation currency from pounds sterling to US dollars and the reclassification of the Group's UK and Europe operations as discontinued operations in 2019.

 

 

AER

CER

 

2018

2019

2018

2019

Continuing operations:

HY

FY

HY

FY

HY

FY

HY

FY

New business profit ($m)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Asia

1,544

3,477

1,676

3,522

1,523

3,460

1,675

3,522

US

641

1,230

450

883

641

1,230

450

883

Group total

2,185

4,707

2,126

4,405

2,164

4,690

2,125

4,405

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

APE ($m) note (2)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Asia

2,389

4,999

2,560

5,161

2,332

4,959

2,555

5,161

US

1,123

2,059

1,075

2,223

1,123

2,059

1,075

2,223

Group total

3,512

7,058

3,635

7,384

3,455

7,018

3,630

7,384

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

New business margin (NBP as a % of APE)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Asia

65%

70%

65%

68%

65%

70%

65%

68%

US

57%

60%

42%

40%

57%

60%

42%

40%

Group total

62%

67%

58%

60%

63%

67%

58%

60%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PVNBP ($m) note (2)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Asia

12,565

27,711

14,218

29,244

12,307

27,512

14,195

29,244

US

11,231

20,593

10,752

22,231

11,231

20,593

10,752

22,231

Group total

23,796

48,304

24,970

51,475

23,538

48,105

24,947

51,475

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

New business margin (NBP as a % of PVNBP)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Asia

12.3%

12.5%

11.8%

12.0%

12.4%

12.6%

11.8%

12.0%

US

5.7%

6.0%

4.2%

4.0%

5.7%

6.0%

4.2%

4.0%

Group total

9.2%

9.7%

8.5%

8.6%

9.2%

9.7%

8.5%

8.6%

 

Schedule A(iv) Investment operations (actual exchange rates)

 

Note:   The H1 and H2 of 2018 comparative results are shown below on actual exchange rates (AER), and have been re-presented from those previously published to reflect the change in the Group's presentation currency from pounds sterling to US dollars and the reclassification of the Group's UK and Europe operations as discontinued operations in 2019.

 

 

 

2018 $m

 

 

2019 $m

 

Eastspring investment operations:

 

H1

H2

 

 

H1

H2

 

Third party retail: note (5)

 

 

 

 

Opening FUM

 

52,321

47,644

 

 

55,198

62,441

 

Net Flows:note (6)

 

34

(925)

 

 

2,682

3,313

 

- Gross Inflows

 

11,772

 

 

23,005

 

- Redemptions

 

(13,887)

(12,697)

 

 

(16,946)

(19,692)

 

Other Movements*

 

(4,711)

8,479

 

 

4,561

7,890

 

Closing FUMnote (7)

 

47,644

55,198

 

 

62,441

73,644

 

 

 

 

 

 

Third party institutional:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Opening FUM

 

10,676

8,297

 

 

7,788

9,431

 

Net Flows:

 

(1,222)

(5)

 

 

1,274

1,640

 

- Gross Inflows

 

1,275

 

 

2,371

 

- Redemptions

 

(1,687)

(1,280)

 

 

(387)

(731)

 

Other Movements

 

(1,157)

(504)

 

 

369

26,670

 

Closing FUMnote (7)

 

8,297

7,788

 

 

9,431

37,741

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total third party (excluding MMF)

 

55,941

62,986

 

 

71,872

111,385

 

*  Other movements in H2 2018 included an inflow of $11.2 billion funds under management (excluding MMF) from the acquisition of TMB Asset Management Co., Ltd. ('TMBAM') in Thailand. Other movements in H2 2019 included an inflow of $7.0 billion funds under management (excluding MMF) from the acquisition of Thanachart Fund Management Co., Ltd. ('TFUND') in Thailand.

  Net flows and other movements in H2 2019 include M&G plc related assets that have been reclassified to third party from internal FUM following the demerger in October 2019.

 

B  Reconciliation of expected transfer of value of in-force business and required capital to free surplus

 

The tables below show how the value of in-force business (VIF) generated by the in-force long-term business and the associated required capital is modelled as emerging into free surplus over the next 40 years. Although circa 7 per cent of the Group's embedded value emerges after this date, analysis of cash flows emerging in the years shown in the tables is considered most meaningful. The modelled cash flows use the same methodology underpinning the Group's embedded value reporting and so are subject to the same assumptions and sensitivities used to prepare our 2019 results.

 

In addition to showing the amounts, both discounted and undiscounted, expected to be generated from all in-force business at 31 December 2019, the tables also present the expected future free surplus to be generated from the investment made in new business during 2019 over the same 40-year period for long-term business operations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

31 Dec 2019 $m

 

 

Undiscounted expected generation from

all in-force business*

 

Undiscounted expected generation from

new business written*

Expected period of emergence

Asia

US

Group

total

 

Asia

US

Group

total

2020

1,963

1,523

3,486

 

291

325

616

2021

2,088

1,445

3,533

 

244

45

289

2022

1,941

1,412

3,353

 

225

101

326

2023

1,965

1,500

3,465

 

207

120

327

2024

1,895

1,574

3,469

 

223

119

342

2025

1,874

1,528

3,402

 

202

26

228

2026

1,917

1,514

3,431

 

223

9

232

2027

1,891

1,497

3,388

 

217

143

360

2028

1,858

1,415

3,273

 

209

173

382

2029

1,761

1,333

3,094

 

223

148

371

2030

1,687

1,265

2,952

 

188

122

310

2031

1,666

1,152

2,818

 

184

109

293

2032

1,614

1,001

2,615

 

171

94

265

2033

1,596

759

2,355

 

169

80

249

2034

1,590

690

2,280

 

190

87

277

2035

1,556

610

2,166

 

170

71

241

2036

1,557

514

2,071

 

170

57

227

2037

1,563

396

1,959

 

170

46

216

2038

1,550

312

1,862

 

169

35

204

2039

1,535

243

1,778

 

177

70

247

2040-2044

7,360

977

8,337

 

869

140

1,009

2045-2049

7,055

-

7,055

 

887

-

887

2050-2054

7,073

-

7,073

 

987

-

987

2055-2059

6,468

-

6,468

 

958

-

958

Total free surplus expected to

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

emerge in the next 40 years

63,023

22,660

85,683

 

7,723

2,120

9,843

* The analysis excludes amounts incorporated into VIF at 31 December 2019 where there is no definitive time frame for when the payments will be made or receipts received. It also excludes any free surplus emerging after 2059.

 

The discounted expected generation from new business written in 2019 can be reconciled to the new business profit for long-term business operations as follows:

 

 

 

 

 

 

2019 $m

 

 

Asia

US

Group total

Undiscounted expected free surplus generation for years 2020 to 2059

7,723

2,120

9,843

Less: discount effect

(4,211)

(721)

(4,932)

Discounted expected free surplus generation for years 2020 to 2059

3,512

1,399

4,911

Discounted expected free surplus generation for years after 2059

771

-

771

Discounted expected free surplus generation from new business written in 2019

4,283

1,399

5,682

Free surplus investment in new business

(619)

(539)

(1,158)

Other items

(142)

23

(119)

EEV new business profit for long-term business operations

3,522

883

4,405

Other items represent the impact of the time value of options and guarantees on new business, foreign exchange effects and other non-modelled items. Foreign exchange effects arise as EEV new business profit amounts are translated at average exchange rates and the expected free surplus generation is translated at closing rates.

 

The undiscounted expected free surplus generation from all in-force business at 31 December 2019 shown below can be

reconciled to the amount that was expected to be generated as at 31 December 2018 as follows:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Group

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

 

Other

 

Total

 

 

$m

$m

$m

$m

$m

$m

 

$m

 

$m

2018 expected free surplus generation 

  for years 2019 to 2058

4,759

4,823

4,807

4,695

4,608

4,505

 

72,778

 

100,975

Demerger of UK and Europe operations

(755)

(776)

(753)

(728)

(707)

(684)

 

(10,316)

 

(14,719)

Less: Amounts expected to be realised

  in the current year

(4,004)

-

-

-

-

-

 

-

 

(4,004)

Add: Expected free surplus to be

  generated in year 2059*

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

1,205

 

1,205

Foreign exchange differences

-

26

25

24

25

23

 

467

 

590

New business

-

616

289

326

327

342

 

7,943

 

9,843

Operating movements

-

(113)

28

(104)

(59)

(90)

 

(3,700)

 

(8,207)

Non-operating and other movements**

-

(1,090)

(863)

(860)

(729)

(627)

 

 

 

 

2019 expected free surplus generation

  for years 2020 to 2059

-

3,486

3,533

3,353

3,465

3,469

 

68,377

 

85,683

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

 

Other

 

Total

Asia

$m

$m

$m

$m

$m

$m

 

$m

 

$m

2018 expected free surplus generation 

  for years 2019 to 2058

1,987

1,915

1,842

1,835

1,831

1,746

 

49,411

 

60,567

Less: Amounts expected to be realised

  in the current year

(1,987)

-

-

-

-

-

 

-

 

(1,987)

Add: Expected free surplus to be

  generated in year 2059*

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

1,205

 

1,205

Foreign exchange differences

-

26

25

24

25

23

 

467

 

590

New business

-

291

244

225

207

223

 

6,533

 

7,723

Operating movements

-

(133)

63

(69)

(12)

(47)

 

(4,445)

 

(5,075)

Non-operating and other movements

-

(136)

(86)

(74)

(86)

(50)

 

 

 

 

2019 expected free surplus generation

  for years 2020 to 2059

-

1,963

2,088

1,941

1,965

1,895

 

53,171

 

63,023

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

 

Other

 

Total

US

$m

$m

$m

$m

$m

$m

 

$m

 

$m

2018 expected free surplus generation

  for years 2019 to 2058

2,017

2,132

2,212

2,132

2,070

2,075

 

13,051

 

25,689

Less: Amounts expected to be realised

  in the current year

(2,017)

-

-

-

-

-

 

-

 

(2,017)

New business

-

325

45

101

120

119

 

1,410

 

2,120

Operating movements

-

20

(35)

(35)

(47)

(43)

 

745

 

(3,132)

Non-operating and other movements**

-

(954)

(777)

(786)

(643)

(577)

 

 

 

 

2019 expected free surplus generation

  for years 2020 to 2059

-

1,523

1,445

1,412

1,500

1,574

 

15,206

 

22,660

*   Excluding 2019 new business.

** Including impact of US EEV hedge modelling enhancements as described in note 7 of the EEV financial statements.

 

At 31 December 2019, the total free surplus expected to be generated from continuing operations over the next five years (2020 to 2024 inclusive), using the same assumptions and methodology as those underpinning our 2019 embedded value reporting, was $17.3 billion (31 December 2018: $19.8 billion).

 

At 31 December 2019, the total free surplus expected to be generated on an undiscounted basis in the next 40 years is $85.7 billion, $(0.6) billion lower than the $86.3 billion expected at the end of 2018 from continuing operations, with the $2.4 billion increase in Asia being more than offset by the $(3.0) billion decrease in the US. In Asia the increase from new business of $7.7 billion, together with favourable foreign exchange gains and operating assumption updates following the annual review of experience, more than offset the effect of generally lower interest rates across the region decreasing projected returns. At 31 December 2019 expected free surplus generation in Asia for the next 40 years is $63.0 billion (31 December 2018: $60.6 billion). In the US new business contributed $2.1 billion to expected free surplus generation. Operating, non-operating and other movements were $(3.1) billion, principally driven by the impact of lower interest rates and the effect of the NAIC reform, hedge modelling and other related changes described in note 7 of the EEV financial statements. At 31 December 2019 expected free surplus generation in the US for the next 40 years is $22.7 billion (31 December 2018: $25.7 billion).

 

Actual underlying free surplus generated in 2019 from life business in force at the end of 2018, before the impact of US EEV hedge modelling enhancements and restructuring costs, was $4.7 billion including $0.6 billion of changes in operating assumptions and experience variances. This compares with the expected 2019 realisation at the end of 2018 of $4.0 billion.  

 

This can be analysed further as follows:

 

2019 $m

 

Asia

US

Group total

Transfer to free surplus in 2019 before impact of US EEV hedge modelling enhancements

1,914

2,070

3,984

Expected return on free assets

80

61

141

Changes in operating assumptions and experience variances

147

411

558

Underlying free surplus generated from in-force life business before impact of US EEV
   hedge modelling enhancements and restructuring costs*

2,141

2,542

4,683

 

 

 

 

2019 free surplus expected to be generated at 31 December 2018

1,987

2,017

4,004

* Underlying free surplus generated from in-force life business before restructuring costs in 2019 in the US was $1,639 million (Group total $3,780 million), after reflecting the $(903) million impact of US EEV hedge modelling enhancements described in note 7 of the EEV financial statements.

 

The equivalent discounted amounts of the undiscounted expected transfers from in-force business and required capital into free surplus shown previously are as follows:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

31 Dec 2019 $m

 

 

Discounted expected generation from all

in-force business

 

Discounted expected generation from

new business written

Expected period of emergence

Asia

US

Group total

 

Asia

US

Group total

2020

1,890

1,468

3,358

 

279

320

599

2021

1,910

1,313

3,223

 

218

42

260

2022

1,674

1,212

2,886

 

189

92

281

2023

1,608

1,212

2,820

 

165

102

267

2024

1,479

1,203

2,682

 

169

100

269

2025

1,397

1,105

2,502

 

147

22

169

2026

1,363

1,034

2,397

 

158

7

165

2027

1,281

966

2,247

 

147

98

245

2028

1,206

865

2,071

 

134

114

248

2029

1,088

765

1,853

 

137

90

227

2030

991

690

1,681

 

109

70

179

2031

938

595

1,533

 

99

59

158

2032

863

496

1,359

 

88

48

136

2033

819

345

1,164

 

82

39

121

2034

783

298

1,081

 

86

39

125

2035

737

256

993

 

76

30

106

2036

709

210

919

 

73

23

96

2037

682

151

833

 

70

18

88

2038

651

118

769

 

66

13

79

2039

619

90

709

 

67

24

91

2040-2044

2,631

302

2,933

 

292

49

341

2045-2049

2,060

-

2,060

 

244

-

244

2050-2054

1,730

-

1,730

 

232

-

232

2055-2059

1,294

-

1,294

 

185

-

185

Total discounted free surplus expected to emerge in the next 40 years

30,403

14,694

45,097

 

3,512

1,399

4,911

 

The discounted expected generation from all in-force business can be reconciled to the total embedded value for long-term business operations as follows:

 

 

 

 

 

31 Dec 2019 $m

Discounted expected generation from all in-force business for years 2020 to 2059

45,097

Discounted expected generation from all in-force business for years after 2059

3,892

Discounted expected generation from all in-force business at 31 December 2019

48,989

Free surplus of life operations held at 31 December 2019

5,395

Other items*

(205)

Total EEV for long-term business operations

54,179

* Other items represent the impact of the time value of options and guarantees and other non-modelled items.

 

Calculation of return on embedded value

 

Return on embedded value is calculated as the total post-tax EEV profit for the year as a percentage of closing EEV basis shareholders' equity.

 

 

2019

 

Asia

US

Central operations

Group

total

Demerger

related

items*

Adjusted

Group total

(excluding

demerger

related items*)

EEV basis profit (loss) for the year from continuing operations, net of tax and non-controlling interests ($ million)

8,063

(2,025)

(1,886)

4,152

(528)

4,680

Closing EEV basis shareholders' equity ($ million)

39,235

16,342

(866)

54,711

(528)

55,239

Total return on shareholders' funds (%)

21%

(12%)

n/a

8%

n/a

8%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2018

 

 

 

 

 

Asia

US

 

 

 

 

EEV basis profit for the year, net of tax and non-controlling interests ($ million)

4,808

1,052

 

 

 

 

Closing EEV basis shareholders' equity ($ million)

32,008

18,709

 

 

 

 

Total return on shareholders' funds (%)

15%

6%

 

 

 

 

* Demerger-related items comprise interest on the subordinated debt that was substituted to M&G plc prior to the demerger and one-off costs of the demerger.

  Given the significant changes of Group shareholders' funds as a result of the demerger of the UK and Europe operations in October 2019, it is not meaningful to compare the 2019 and 2018 returns on shareholders' funds at a Group level. The 2018 comparatives have therefore excluded the presentation of a Group return on shareholders' funds. Additionally, the 2018 comparatives for Asia and US operations have been re-presented from those previously published to reflect the use of closing rather than opening shareholders' funds to be on a comparable basis with the 2019 calculation.

 

Operating return on embedded value is calculated as the post-tax EEV operating profit for the year as a percentage of closing EEV basis shareholders' equity.

 

 

2019

2018

 

Asia

US

Asia

US

EEV basis operating profit for the year from continuing operations, net of tax
($ million)

6,138

1,782

6,070

2,828

Closing EEV basis shareholders' equity ($ million)

39,235

16,342

32,008

18,709

Operating return on shareholders' funds (%)

16%

11%

19%

15%

 

Calculation of EEV shareholders' funds per share

 

EEV shareholders' funds per share is calculated as closing EEV shareholders' equity divided by the number of issued shares at 31 December 2019 of 2,601 million (31 December 2018: 2,593 million). EEV shareholders' funds per share excluding goodwill attributable to shareholders is calculated in the same manner, except goodwill attributable to shareholders is deducted from closing EEV shareholders' equity. 2018 comparatives have been restated to show amounts attributable to continuing operations on a comparable basis.

 

 

31 Dec 2019

 

Asia

US

Other

Group

total

Closing EEV shareholders' equity ($ million)

39,235

16,342

(866)

54,711

Less: Goodwill attributable to shareholders ($ million)

(796)

-

(26)

(822)

Closing EEV shareholders' equity excluding goodwill attributable to shareholders ($ million)

38,439

16,342

(892)

53,889

Shareholders' funds per share (in cents)

1,508¢

628¢

(33)¢

2,103¢

Shareholders' funds per share excluding goodwill attributable to shareholders (in cents)

1,478¢

628¢

(34)¢

2,072¢

 

 

 

 

 

 

31 Dec 2018

 

Asia

US

Other

Group

total

Closing EEV shareholders' equity ($ million)

32,008

18,709

(4,616)

46,101

Less: Goodwill attributable to shareholders ($ million)

(634)

-

-

(634)

Closing EEV shareholders' equity excluding goodwill attributable to shareholders ($ million)

31,374

18,709

(4,616)

45,467

Shareholders' funds per share (in cents)

1,234¢

722¢

(178)¢

1,778¢

Shareholders' funds per share excluding goodwill attributable to shareholders (in cents)

1,209¢

722¢

(178)¢

1,753¢

 

E  Calculation of n ew business contribution/embedded value

 

New business contribution/embedded value is calculated as the post-tax EEV new business contribution for the year as a percentage of closing EEV basis shareholders' equity.

 

 

2019

2018

 

Asia

US

Asia

US

New business contribution ($ million)

3,522

883

3,477

1,230

Closing EEV basis shareholders' equity ($ million)

39,235

16,342

32,008

18,709

 

9%

5%

11%

7%

 


This information is provided by RNS, the news service of the London Stock Exchange. RNS is approved by the Financial Conduct Authority to act as a Primary Information Provider in the United Kingdom. Terms and conditions relating to the use and distribution of this information may apply. For further information, please contact rns@lseg.com or visit www.rns.com.
 
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