Prelim Announcement 2002 Pt 1
Aviva PLC
26 February 2003
PART 1 OF 2
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26 February 2003
PRELIMINARY RESULTS
12 MONTHS ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2002
AVIVA REPORTS ROBUST OPERATING PROFIT* OF £1,798 MILLION (2001: £1,983 MILLION) FOR THE 12 MONTHS TO 31 DECEMBER 2002.
On a modified statutory basis, operating profit** was £1,296 million (2001: £1,512 million)
ROBUST LIFE PERFORMANCE IN TOUGH MARKETS
- Total life achieved operating profit of £1,524 million (2001: £1,665 million) after a net charge of £123 million
(2001: £78 million) arising from prudent annuitant mortality strengthening
- New business contribution of £578 million (2001: £591 million) with worldwide margins of 24.4% (2001: 25.5%)
- Leading position in European bancassurance distribution with worldwide bancassurance sales up 50% to £3.0 billion
(2001: £2.0 billion)
- Continuing benefits of geographical diversity with our Continental European businesses contributing 49% of life
achieved operating profit
EXCELLENT GENERAL INSURANCE RESULT
- Worldwide combined operating ratio***** of 101.4% (2001: 104%)
- Worldwide combined operating ratio on continuing operations# of 101.7% (2001: 103%)
- General insurance operating profit***** higher at £959 million (2001: £924 million)
RESILIENT CAPITAL POSITION
- Equity shareholders' funds of £9.5 billion (2001: £11.6 billion, restated***)
- Orphan estate is estimated at £4.3 billion and the estimated free asset ratio**** of the UK life funds is 11.8%
Richard Harvey, Group Chief Executive, commented:
'We have delivered a robust set of results in a difficult year where the ongoing turmoil in investment markets has
affected consumer demand and investor sentiment. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of our product and
distribution strategies and are a measure of the Group's financial and operational strength.
'The benefits of a strong business model, where resilient long-term savings operations are allied with a cash-generative
general insurance business, are evident in these tough market conditions. We expect 2003 to be a challenging year and
will continue our emphasis on capital disciplines, cost management and building our bancassurance opportunities.'
* From continuing and discontinued operations, including life achieved operating profit and stated before tax,
amortisation of goodwill and exceptional items.
** From continuing and discontinued operations, before tax, amortisation of goodwill, amortisation of acquired
additional value of in-force long-term business and exceptional items.
*** Restated for the impact of Financial Reporting Standard 19 'Deferred Tax'.
**** Calculated in accordance with FSA regulations and includes implicit items.
***** From continuing and discontinued operations.
# Continuing operations excludes the results of the disposed general insurance operations in Australia and New
Zealand sold in 2002 and the results of the US general insurance operations sold in June 2001.
All growth rates quoted are at constant rates of exchange.
FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS
Restated*
2002 2001
£m £m
Total premiums written (after reinsurance) and investment sales
Continuing operations, including share of associates' premiums 27,933 27,756
Discontinued operations
- Australia and New Zealand general insurance operations 692 583
- US general insurance operations - 1,103
------ ------
28,625 29,442
Worldwide long-term savings new business sales
Life and pensions 13,618 13,479
Retail investments 1,028 1,475
New business contribution (before effect of solvency margin) 578 591
Achieved operating profit before tax
Life achieved operating profit** 1,524 1,665
Health 61 70
Fund management 5 29
General insurance 881 876
Non-insurance operations** (69) 7
Corporate costs (218) (187)
Unallocated interest charges (434) (426)
Wealth management (30) (99)
------ ------
Achieved operating profit before tax - continuing operations 1,720 1,935
Discontinued operations
- Australia and New Zealand general insurance operations
(sold December 2002) 78 69
- US general insurance operation (sold June 2001) - (21)
------ ------
Achieved operating profit before tax 1,798 1,983
====== ======
Modified statutory operating profit*** 1,296 1,512
Modified statutory operating profit after tax, minorities
and preference dividends*** 856 959
Achieved operating earnings per share*** 51.5p 55.5p
Modified statutory operating earnings per share*** 38.0p 42.6p
Final dividend per ordinary share 14.25p 23.75p
Total dividend per ordinary share 23.0p 38.0p
Equity shareholders' funds 9,469 11,552
Total shareholders' funds 9,669 11,752
Net asset value per ordinary share**** 433p 524p
Assets under management £208bn £209bn
* Restated for the impact of Financial Reporting Standard 19 'Deferred Tax'.
** Reclassification of other life and savings business from 'Life' to 'Non-insurance operations'.
*** From continuing and discontinued operations.
**** After adding back the claims equalisation provision.
GROUP CHIEF EXECUTIVE'S STATEMENT
2002 has been a difficult year with ongoing turmoil in investment markets affecting consumer demand and investor
sentiment. The Group has delivered a robust set of results with operating profit before tax from continuing and
discontinued operations of £1,798 million (2001: £1,983 million).
These results demonstrate the importance of our broad product range and multi-distribution strategy, which have enabled
us to deliver solid results in challenging times. We have a strong business model, with long-term savings operations
allied to a cash-generating general insurance business. A particular strength is our breadth of distribution, which
includes one of the leading bancassurance networks in Europe.
Long-term savings
As the largest provider of life and pensions to Europe, we have delivered a solid performance despite the challenging
conditions that have affected the savings industry as a whole. Worldwide new business sales were £14.6 billion (2001:
£15.0 billion) with margins at 24.4% (2001: 25.5%), reflecting the impact of a shift in product mix in some territories.
In the UK the Group has achieved life and pension sales of £1,231 million (2001: £1,269 million) on an Annual Premium
Equivalent (APE) basis. Life achieved operating profit in the UK was lower at £699 million (2001: £850 million) and is
after strengthening our annuitant mortality reserves at a net cost of £123 million (2001: £78 million). In setting our
assumptions for calculating our embedded values, we have taken into account the recent experience studies of the
Continuous Mortality Investigation Bureau (CMIB). Our current experience shows profits against the existing reserve
basis, but we have taken the prudent decision to strengthen our base mortality assumptions to reflect the study.
During 2002, there were a number of reviews relating to the UK long-term savings market, including the proposals
outlined in the Government's recent Green Paper on UK pensions and taxation reform. We broadly welcome these proposals
as a first step, but we believe they need to go further in providing savings incentives if they are to close the savings
gap. We agree that a price cap on Sandler-style products should be open to consultation. We have made it clear that we
will not write business at uneconomic rates of return.
In Continental Europe, life and pension sales increased to £967 million (2001: £918 million) on an APE basis,
demonstrating the success of our growing bancassurance businesses in Italy and Spain. Life achieved operating profit
from Continental Europe was £747 million (2001: £779 million) which represents 49% of our total life achieved operating
result.
Bancassurance is an important part of our distribution strategy and in 2002 worldwide sales through this channel
increased by 50% to £3.0 billion (2001: £2.0 billion). We continue to seek opportunities to extend our reach across the
important long-term savings markets of Europe and have recently secured new bancassurance agreements with ABN AMRO in
the Netherlands, Credit du Nord in France, Caja de Granada in Spain and Banca Popolare Commercia e Industria ('BPCI') in
Italy. These arrangements offer further potential for growth in our life and pensions distribution through access to our
new partners' existing customer bases and deploy the extensive experience held within our worldwide group. In addition
we completed our partnership with Mederic, a French mutual, which will commence sales in the first half of 2003.
Fund management
The sustained fall in world investment markets has inevitably continued to impact the results of our fund management
business. Overall operating profit for the year reflected this and was lower at £5 million (2001: £29 million).
Worldwide funds under management were maintained at £208 billion (2001: £209 billion), as the impact of new business
flows in the period offset the falls in worldwide investment markets.
General insurance
Our cash-generative general insurance business is an integral part of our operating model. We are the number one general
insurer in the UK and Ireland and have top-five positions in Canada and the Netherlands. Our general insurance business,
including both continuing and discontinued operations, contributed an operating profit of £959 million (2001: £924
million). On the same basis our worldwide combined operating ratio (COR) improved to 101.4% reflecting the rating
actions taken during the year and our strict approach to underwriting. The COR of our continuing operations was 101.7%
(2001: 103%). These results demonstrate the success of our strategy to focus on personal lines and small commercial
business. We have exceeded our COR target and remain confident of our ability to maintain a COR of 102% across the
underwriting cycle.
As we announced in October, we have sold our Australian and New Zealand general insurance businesses to Insurance
Australia Group Limited ('IAG') following an unsolicited approach which the Board considered to be an excellent deal for
the Group's shareholders.
Shareholders' capital employed and financial strength
In a market that increasingly looks for quality and financial strength, our resilient capital position is fundamental to
our business. While the Group achieved a robust operating performance, this has been offset by the falls in investment
markets. As a result the equity shareholders' funds were £9.5 billion (2001: £11.6 billion, restated) which is
equivalent to 433 pence per share (2001: 524 pence, restated).
The solvency position of our main trading operations remains strong despite market falls. At 31 December 2002 the
average free asset ratio of our main UK life trading operations was 11.8% (7.7% excluding implicit items), and the
orphan estate was £4.3 billion (2001: £5.2 billion). This orphan estate estimate is based upon a realistic assessment of
liabilities and is calculated after prudently allowing for over £4 billion in respect of the expected cost of guarantees
and the glide path.
Furthermore, the solvency capital of our combined general insurance and overseas life operations remains strong with an
estimated excess solvency margin of £2.3 billion at 31 December 2002. The solvency margin of the combined regulated
Group is resilient to market falls.
Dividend
In line with our previous announcement, the Board recommends a final dividend of 14.25 pence net per share payable on 16
May 2003 to shareholders on the register at 28 March 2003. This brings the total dividend for the year to 23.0 pence net
per share (2001: 38.0 pence net per share).
Outlook
We expect the challenging conditions we have faced during the past twelve months to continue throughout 2003,
particularly in long-term savings markets where we expect some of our key markets to contract. We will continue to
improve our efficiency while delivering high standards of service to customers. Our recent announcement to build a new
call centre and claims processing operation in India and our restructuring of our UK life sales and marketing function
are examples of this. We have already announced our commitment to reducing unit costs in our UK life business and we
will continue to drive down costs across our businesses to ensure that costs are appropriately aligned to revenues. We
have a track record of achieving cost savings, as demonstrated by the merger, when savings exceeded our targets.
2003 will also benefit from a number of new developments including our new distribution channels in Spain, Italy, the
Netherlands and France coming on stream. We will also launch collective investment products into our joint venture with
The Royal Bank of Scotland Group in the UK in the first quarter and are optimistic about the potential for further
growth from this distribution channel during the year.
We believe that we have the financial structure, operating model and capital resilience to deliver solid results during
these challenging economic circumstances. We will continue to focus on capital disciplines, cost management and building
our bancassurance opportunities through 2003.
Richard Harvey
Group Chief Executive
Enquiries:
Richard Harvey Group Chief Executive Telephone +44 (0)20 7662 2286
Mike Biggs Group Finance Director Telephone +44 (0)20 7662 2031
Analysts:
Steve Riley Investor Relations Director Telephone +44 (0)20 7662 8115
James Matthews Head of Investor Relations Telephone +44 (0)20 7662 2137
Media:
Hayley Stimpson Director of External Affairs Telephone +44 (0)20 7662 7544
Sue Winston Head of Group Media Relations Telephone +44 (0)20 7662 8221
Alex Child-Villiers Financial Dynamics Telephone +44 (0)20 7269 7107
NEWSWIRES: There will be a conference call today for wire services at 8.15am (GMT) on +44 (0)20 7162 0125. Quote: Aviva,
Richard Harvey.
ANALYSTS: A presentation to investors and analysts will take place at 9.30am (GMT) at St Helen's, 1 Undershaft, London,
EC3P 3DQ. The investors and analysts presentation is being filmed for live webcast and can be viewed on the Group's
website www.aviva.com or on www.rawfinancial.com In addition a replay will be available on these websites later today.
There will also be a live teleconference link to the investor and analyst meeting on +44 (0)20 8400 6314. A replay
facility will be available for two weeks on +44 (0)20 8797 2499. The pass code is 871615# for the whole presentation
including Question & Answer session or 871637# for Question & Answer session only.
The presentation slides will be available on the Group's website, www.aviva.com/investors/presentations.cfm from 9.00am
(GMT).
Photographs are available from www.newscast.co.uk and the media centre on www.aviva.com
Notes to editors
- Aviva is the largest provider of life and pensions to Europe with substantial positions in other markets around
the world, making it the world's seventh-largest insurance group based on gross worldwide premiums.
- Aviva's principal business activities are long-term savings, fund management and general insurance, with worldwide
premium income and retail investment sales from continuing operations of £28 billion and assets under management
of more than £200 billion.
- Overseas currency results are translated at average exchange rates.
- All growth rates are quoted in local currency.
- This preliminary announcement may contain 'forward looking statements' with respect to certain of Aviva's plans
and its current goals and expectations relating to its future financial condition, performance and results. By
their nature, all forward looking statements involve risk and uncertainty because they relate to future events and
circumstances which are beyond Aviva's control, including amongst other things, UK domestic and global economic
business conditions, market-related risks such as fluctuations in interest rates and exchange rates, the policies
and actions of regulatory authorities, the impact of competition, inflation, deflation, the timing impact and
other uncertainties of future acquisitions or combinations within relevant industries, as well as the impact of
tax and other legislation and other regulations in the jurisdictions in which Aviva and its affiliates operate. As
a result, Aviva's actual future financial condition, performance and results may differ materially from the plans,
goals and expectations set forth in Aviva's forward-looking statements.
Aviva undertakes no obligation to update the forward-looking statements contained in this presentation or any
other forward-looking statements we may make.
Financial calendar 2003
Ex-dividend date (ordinary shares) 26 March 2003
Record date (ordinary shares) 28 March 2003
Announcement of long-term savings new business for 3 months to
31 March 2003 24 April 2003
Annual General Meeting 7 May 2003
Payment date (ordinary shares) 16 May 2003
Announcement of unaudited six months' interim results 31 July 2003
Announcement of long-term savings new business for 9 months to
30 September 2003 23 October 2003
Contents
Page
Operating and financial review 1
Achieved profit basis
Summarised consolidated profit and loss account - achieved profit basis 8
Basis of preparation 9
Components of total life achieved profit 9
New business contribution 10
Analysis of life achieved operating profit 11
Embedded value of life business 11
Segmental analysis of embedded value of life business 12
Minority interest in life achieved profit 12
Methodology 13
Principal economic assumptions 14
Other assumptions 15
Modified statutory basis
Summarised consolidated profit and loss account - modified statutory basis 16
Earnings per share - modified statutory basis 17
Consolidated statement of total recognised gains and losses 17
Reconciliation of movements in consolidated shareholders' funds 17
Summarised consolidated balance sheet 18
Consolidated cash flow statement 19
Basis of preparation 20
Exchange rates 21
Acquisitions 21
Disposals 22
Geographical analysis of life and pensions and investment sales - new business
and total income 23
Geographical analysis of modified statutory life operating profit 24
Geographical analysis of health premiums after reinsurance and operating result 24
Geographical analysis of general insurance premiums after reinsurance and
operating result 25
Tax 26
Dividends 27
Earnings per share 28
Longer-term investment return 29
Statistical supplement
Segmental analysis of Group operating profit at constant currency
- achieved profit basis 30
Supplementary analyses 31
General insurance - geographical ratio analysis 34
General insurance - class of business analyses 35
Assets under management 36
Group capital structure 39
Shareholder information 46
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Page 1
OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW
Group operating profit before tax
The Group achieved an operating profit before tax, including life achieved operating profit, from continuing and
discontinued operations of £1,798 million (2001: £1,983 million). On a modified statutory basis, the operating profit
from continuing and discontinued operations was £1,296 million (2001: £1,512 million).
In calculating the current year Group operating profit from continuing operations, we have excluded our Australian and
New Zealand general insurance businesses, the sale of which was announced in October 2002. In 2002, our Australian and
New Zealand general insurance businesses returned an operating profit of £78 million (2001: £69 million) and the results
of these businesses are shown under discontinued operations. For the prior year, operating profit from discontinued
operations also includes the results from our US general insurance business, the sale of which completed in June 2001.
Other operations sold or announced to be sold in the year, are included within the results from continuing operations as
the results from these businesses are not considered to be material in the context of the Group's results.
2002 2001
£m £m
Achieved operating profit before tax - continuing operations 1,720 1,935
Discontinued operations
- Australia and New Zealand general insurance operations (sold December 2002) 78 69
- US general insurance operation (sold June 2001) - (21)
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1,798 1,983
Amortisation of goodwill (135) (87)
Change in claims equalisation provision and Financial Services Compensation Scheme levy (57) (87)
Integration costs and merger transaction costs - (59)
(Loss)/profit on sale of subsidiary undertakings (4) 287
Effect of economic assumption changes (561) 1
Short-term fluctuations in investment return - general insurance and shareholder
business (1,184) (952)
Variation from longer-term investment return - life business (2,320) (1,632)
------ ------
Loss on ordinary activities before tax - achieved profit basis (2,463) (546)
------ ------
(Loss)/profit on ordinary activities before tax - modified statutory basis (282) 514
====== ======
The loss before tax on a modified statutory basis was £282 million (2001: profit of £514 million). This is stated after
taking account of a shortfall of £1,184 million in the actual investment return earned in the period compared to the
return based on the Group's longer-term investment return assumptions. This primarily reflects unrealised losses on
equities held by the Group's non-life operations, particularly in the UK and the Netherlands where the FTSE All-Share
index and the AEX index have fallen by around 25% and 36% respectively since 31 December 2001.
On an achieved profit basis the loss before tax was £2,463 million (2001: loss of £546 million) which includes an
adverse variance from the longer-term investment return of £2,320 million and an economic assumption charge of £561
million. The former reflects the impact of falls in investment markets during the year on the Group's life embedded
value and the latter reductions in assumed future investment returns and discount rate.
Included in both the non-life and life investment variances and economic assumption changes are a number of one-off
impacts. These relate to the impact of a changed UK with-profit asset mix, a change in the assumed future with-profit
bonus rate profiles, some adverse tax effects following anticipated changes in UK Inland Revenue legislation and prudent
recognition of deferred tax assets. These one-off effects together amounted to £0.5 billion, on a post tax basis.
In preparing these results we have adopted the requirements of Financial Reporting Standard (FRS) 19 'Deferred Tax'. The
principal impact of the change in accounting policy has been to provide, on a discounted basis, additional deferred tax
on unrealised appreciation or depreciation of investments. On an achieved profit basis, the effect of this new policy
has resulted in a tax credit on other ordinary activities of £982 million (2001: £740 million, restated) for the twelve
month period ended 31 December 2002. The tax for the period includes a charge of £531 million (2001: £616 million,
restated) in respect of the operating loss from continuing operations equivalent to an effective rate of 30.9% (2001:
31.8%). On a modified statutory basis the effective rate on operating profit from continuing operations amounted to
30.4% (2001: 32.2%).
Long-term savings
Worldwide new business sales were £14.6 billion (2001: £15.0 billion) against the backdrop of the continuing difficult
conditions affecting the insurance industry as a whole. Our bancassurance partnerships continue to develop, particularly
in the UK with The Royal Bank of Scotland Group and in Spain and Italy with our local partners. Retail investment sales
were lower at £1,028 million (2001: £1,475 million), reflecting continuing investor caution towards equity-backed
products.
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Page 2
2002 Local currency growth
Life and Retail Life and Retail
pensions investments Total pensions investments Total
£m £m £m % % %
Long-term savings sales
United Kingdom 6,844 556 7,400 (6%) (32%) (8%)
Europe (excluding UK) 5,822 205 6,027 4% (35%) 2%
International 952 267 1,219 42% (24%) 19%
------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
13,618 1,028 14,646 1% (31%) (2%)
====== ====== ====== ====== ====== ======
Navigator - 797 797 - (15%) (15%)
We expect the current uncertain conditions across long-term savings markets to continue into 2003 and lower consumer
confidence to persist. We are taking action to stimulate demand by offering investors products which meet their
requirements in current markets, including products offering a degree of capital or income protection.
Life achieved operating profit
2002 2001
£m £m
New business contribution (after the effect of solvency margin) 452 479
Profit from existing business
- expected return 849 848
- experience variances (110) (18)
- operating assumption changes 9 17
Expected return on shareholders' net worth 324 339
------ ------
Life achieved operating profit before tax 1,524 1,665
====== ======
Life achieved operating profit before tax was lower at £1,524 million (2001: £1,665 million) after the net impact of
strengthening our annuitant mortality reserves by £123 million (2001: £78 million). Our worldwide margin fell to 24.4%
(2001: 25.5%) reflecting changes in product mix in a number of countries.
The expected returns on existing business and shareholders' funds net worth were lower at £1,173 million (2001: £1,187
million) due to the application of higher start of the year economic assumptions to a lower opening embedded value. We
anticipate further reductions in expected returns from in-force and shareholders' net worth in 2003 reflecting the
reduced end of 2002 embedded value and the lower economic assumptions. We estimate, all other things being equal, a
reduction of the order of £175 million based upon an opening embedded value which is lower by £915 million and economic
assumptions which are also lower by between 0.5% and 1.0%.
Included in the 2002 result are a number of changes to operating assumptions, the most significant being the adverse
impact of the changes to the annuitant mortality assumptions in the UK. The recent paper issued by the Continuous
Mortality Investigation Board (CMIB) included revised predictions of the rate of improvement in male annuitant
mortality. Our current experience shows profits against the existing reserve basis, but we have taken the prudent
decision to strengthen our base mortality assumptions to reflect the study. As a consequence, we have increased our
reserves on our UK annuity portfolio by a net amount of £123 million (2001: £78 million) and reduced our profit from
existing business by the same amount. This has been offset by the economic impact of increases in management fees and
improved unit cost management in the Netherlands and the reduction in risk margin in our US life business, in line with
the Group's views on the risks associated with these businesses.
In addition, adverse experience variances arose across a number of our life businesses reflecting the challenging global
operating environment. These reflect increased development spend particularly in Belgium and the economic effect of the
premium reductions in the in-force book, following changes in tax legislation in the Netherlands. Further one-off
project expenditure also arose in the UK, the US and Asia.
Annual premium New business New business
equivalent(1) contribution(2) margin(3)
2002 2001 2002 2001 2002 2001
£m £m £m £m % %
Life and pensions business
United Kingdom 1,231 1,269 290 327 23.6 25.8
Europe (excluding UK) 967 918 249 248 25.7 27.0
International 175 132 39 16 22.2 12.1
------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
2,373 2,319 578 591 24.4 25.5
====== ====== ====== ====== ====== ======
(1) Annual premium equivalent represents regular premiums plus 10% of single premiums.
(2) Before effect of solvency margin which amounted to £126 million (2001: £112 million).
(3) New business margin represents the ratio of new business contribution to annual premium equivalent, expressed as a
percentage.
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Page 3
UK
In 2002 Norwich Union reported total life and pension sales of £1,231 million (2001: £1,269 million) on an APE basis.
These sales reflected a solid performance against the backdrop of the worst bear market for more than a quarter of a
century and maintained our position as a leading provider of life and pensions products. New business contribution was
£290 million (2001: £327 million) with a full year new business margin of 23.6% (2001: 25.8%). The discrete fourth
quarter margin of 21.4% reflects the full year impact of strengthening annuitant mortality assumptions. Excluding this
impact, the margin for the fourth quarter would have been 25.0%.
Life achieved operating profit was £699 million (2001: £850 million). The recent paper issued by the CMIB included
revised predictions of the rate of improvement in male annuitant mortality. In setting our assumptions for calculating
our embedded values, we have taken into account the recent experience studies of the CMIB. Our current experience shows
profits against the existing reserve basis, but we have taken the prudent decision to strengthen our base mortality
assumptions to reflect the study. The additional strengthening has positioned us at a medium cohort basis for achieved
profit reporting. In addition, the asset portfolio of this business was realigned. The combined financial effect of
these changes was a net charge of £123 million (2001: £78 million) to operating profit.
In 2002, there were a number of reviews relating to the UK long-term savings market, including in the latter half of the
year the Green Paper for pensions reform and an Inland Revenue consultation paper on simplifying the pensions tax
regime. We broadly welcome the Government's proposals, however we think further measures and incentives are required in
order to stimulate adequate long-term savings provisions. We agree with the Government's approach, included in the
recent Treasury announcement, to leave the issue of a price cap on Sandler-style products open to consultation so that
we can continue the dialogue with the Government concerning an appropriate pricing structure for customers and
providers. We have made it clear that we will not write business at uneconomic rates of return.
Europe (excluding UK)
Our continental European operations delivered good new business life and pensions growth of 5% up to £967 million (2001:
£918 million) on an APE basis, driven by the increased distribution of our Spanish and Italian bancassurance businesses.
Margins for the year were 25.7% (2001: 27.0%) reflecting in part changes to business mix in our mature businesses in
France and the Netherlands.
France: In 2002, the French market suffered as a whole and our business, Aviva France, recorded new business sales of
£223 million (2001: £233 million) on an APE basis. New business contribution was £69 million (2001: £79 million) with a
margin of 30.9% (2001: 33.9%). Life achieved operating profit was £228 million (2001: £227 million).
Ireland: Hibernian, our top-five life and pensions provider, reported broadly flat new business sales of £103 million
(2001: £102 million) on an APE basis. During 2002 we sold an increasing proportion of regular premium products, in
particular £23 million of the Governments' Special Savings Incentive Account (SSIA), while sales of single premium
investment products were affected by continued investor caution. New business contribution was £29 million (2001: £29
million) and new business margins were maintained at 28.2% (2001: 28.5%). Life achieved operating profit was £75 million
(2001: £79 million).
Italy: 2002 saw the continued development of our bancassurance distribution network, as total Italian sales increased by
20% to £153 million (2001: £126 million) on an APE basis. Total new business contribution increased to £38 million
(2001: £28 million) with margins of 24.9% (2001: 22.2%). The discrete fourth quarter margin of 32.0% benefited from the
impact of the one-off sales in the quarter. Life achieved operating profit was £52 million (2001: £55 million).
Netherlands (including Belgium and Luxembourg): In 2002, our top-five life and pensions business, Delta Lloyd, reported
total sales of £158 million (2001: £170 million) on an APE basis. Single premium life product sales increased as a
result of the distribution network with Bank Nagelmackers coming on stream and our actions to retain maturing funds
through increased sales of lower margin immediate annuities, offset by lower pension sales. New business contribution
was £21 million (2001: £38 million) with new business margins of 13.3% (2001: 22.3%). Life achieved operating profit was
£200 million (2001: £221 million). This is after including adverse experience variances totalling £113 million, which
reflects increased development spend particularly in Belgium and other one-off operational effects. Fiscal changes last
year have reduced the levels of personal tax relief available to policyholders investing in basic life annuity products
and in group savings schemes. This has led to one-off premium reductions and adverse lapse experience on existing
contracts. Profits from changes to operating assumptions arose partly from a reduction in unit costs secured from cost
savings initiatives and partly from changes to the basis of allocation of expenses to life and savings products.
Poland: Although market conditions remain tough, CU Polska has successfully maintained its market share in the year
reporting total new business sales of £48 million (2001: £60 million) on an APE basis. New business contribution was £10
million (2001: £11 million) with new business margins of 20.8% (2001: 18.4%). Life achieved operating profit was £111
million (2001: £99 million).
Spain: Our bancassurance businesses delivered strong results in 2002 and as a result Aviva Spain delivered total sales
on an APE basis of £189 million (2001: £136 million), an increase of 38%. Our business is now ranked third both in the
bancassurance market and the life market as a whole. New business contribution increased by 36% to £87 million (2001:
£63 million), with new business margins of 45.9% (2001: 46.5%). The discrete fourth quarter margin of 41.2% reflects
lower margins on the single premium pension business and changes in business mix. Life achieved operating profit was £83
million (2001: £80 million).
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Page 4
During 2002 we announced a number of deals to expand our bancassurance network across Europe, including partnerships
with ABN AMRO in the Netherlands, Credit du Nord in France, Caja de Granada in Spain and Banca Popolare Commercia e
Industria ('BPCI') in Italy. These partnerships offer potential for growth in 2003 and 2004 and will cement our position
as Europe's leading bancassurer. In addition we completed our partnership with Mederic, a French mutual, which will
commence sales in the first half of 2003.
International
Total life and pensions new business sales increased by 36% to £175 million (2001: £132 million) on an APE basis,
predominantly as a result of increased fixed interest annuity sales in our US business. New business contribution was
£39 million (2001: £16 million) with margins of 22.2% (2001: 12.1%) benefiting from increased volumes in the US. Life
achieved operating profit from our International businesses increased to £78 million (2001: £36 million), including a
£13 million benefit from the change in risk margins in respect of our US life operations.
In 2002 we commenced new operations in India and China. Sales through our partnership in India with Dabur Group, where
we own 26% of the joint venture, commenced in June 2002. We have entered into agreements with a number of banks to
distribute our products including ABN AMRO bank, Canara Bank and Lakshmi Vilas Bank. In China, we received our licence
to operate at the end of 2002 and recently made our first sales through our joint venture life business, Aviva COFCO.
Life operating profit on a modified statutory basis
On a modified statutory basis, our life operating profit amounted to £1,022 million (2001: £1,194 million). As a result
of falling annual and final bonus rates, our UK with-profit result has decreased to £190 million (2001: £275 million).
The non-profit result of £436 million (2001: £414 million) includes the impact of the annuitant mortality strengthening
as well as the impact of a number of other items including those arising out of the normal year end reserving reviews.
Taken in aggregate, the effect of all changes was broadly neutral to the UK non-profit result.
In Continental Europe, life modified statutory profit totalled £387 million (2001: £510 million) driven primarily by a
lower result in the Netherlands which reflected the impact of significantly lower investment returns, higher development
costs in Belgium and increases to reserves arising out of the normal year end reserving reviews. In addition, in a
number of our life businesses, operating profit reflected the impact of lower equity markets and investments in our
businesses. International operations recorded a profit of £9 million (2001: loss of £5 million) principally as a result
of an increase in investment income on a higher average asset base and the level of development costs in the US in 2002.
Health
Premium income after reinsurance from our health business was 9% higher at £928 million (2001: £841 million), with total
operating profit lower at £61 million (2001: £70 million). Our business in the Netherlands continued to be the main
driver of the total health result, with operating profits of £42 million (2001: £53 million).
Fund management
Uncertain economic conditions over the past 18 months have continued to depress investment markets and reduced consumer
demand. Consequently our fund management operations have been adversely affected with total operating profit lower at £5
million (2001: £29 million). Assets under management at 31 December 2002 were maintained at £208 billion (2001: £209
billion), as the impact of new business flows in the period offset the falls in worldwide investment markets. Worldwide
retail investment sales fell to £1,028 million (2001: £1,475 million).
Our UK fund management business reported a loss of £12 million (2001: loss of £4 million). This result includes our
retail investment operations and our institutional business, Morley Fund Management (Morley). The loss of our UK retail
investment operations reduced significantly to £16 million (2001: £32 million) benefiting from changes to our
commissions on our ISA products in the second half of the year. The results from our institutional business Morley were
lower at £4 million (2001: £25 million). This reflected the continued fall in investment market values, which has
reduced management fees, and the costs of continued investment in the business.
Our business in France, Aviva Gestion d'Actifs (formerly Victoire Asset Management), reported an operating profit of £11
million (2001: £12 million). Delta Lloyd returned an operating profit of £4 million (2001: £8 million). In Australia our
award-winning multi-manager funds administration business, Navigator, reported lower sales of £797 million (2001: £930
million) reflecting falls in global investment markets (these results are excluded from the Group's headline new
business figures). Increased IT infrastructure development costs and expenditure incurred in association with the launch
of Navigator in Singapore resulted in a loss of £1 million (2001: profit of £7 million) for the Australian business. On
an achieved operating profit basis, Navigator's new business contribution was £3 million (2001: £10 million) and its
embedded value was £36 million (2001: £40 million) at 31 December 2002.
General insurance
Our worldwide general insurance continuing and discontinued operations contributed an operating profit of £959 million
(2001: £924 million). Our worldwide combined operating ratio (COR) was 101.4% on the same basis. Excluding the results
of our Australian and New Zealand general businesses, operating profit was £881 million (2001: £876 million) and COR
101.7% (2001: 103%), better than the Group's COR target of 102%. These excellent results demonstrate the success of our
strategy of disciplined underwriting coupled with strong rating actions. There has been an improvement in the COR in
most territories and we remain confident of our ability to maintain a COR of 102% across the cycle.
Normalised investment returns have declined during 2002 as a result of general insurance disposals over the last two
years, falling values of investments and changes to asset mix from equities to fixed income securities. The effect of
lower investment values at the end of 2002 is expected, all other things being equal and assuming unchanged longer-term
investment rates of return, to have an even more pronounced effect in 2003 reducing normalised investment returns by an
estimated £125 million, based on a fall of £1,754 million in equity and property portfolios.
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Underwriting result* Operating profit*
2002 2001 2002 2001
£m £m £m £m
United Kingdom (52) (81) 611 590
Europe (excluding UK) (60) (79) 153 166
International (33) (63) 117 120
------ ------ ------ ------
Continuing operations (145) (223) 881 876
====== ====== ====== ======
Discontinued operations 7 (174) 78 48
* Excludes the change in the equalisation provision of £57 million (2001: £56 million) and impact of exceptional
items.
UK
As the UK's leading insurer, our general insurance business recorded operating profit of £611 million (2001: £590
million), with a combined operating ratio (COR) of 101% (2001: 102%). Our ability to manage our portfolio across
products and distribution lines together with our continued investment in the business consolidates and improves upon
the position we achieved in 2001, ensuring that we have a business capable of achieving our target COR across the cycle.
We have achieved a COR of 101% in our personal lines despite increasing competition in these markets. Although overall
rating increases continued to slow in the second half of 2002, we achieved rating increases of 2% for personal motor and
4% for homeowners (2001: 13% and 6%, respectively). We expect increasing competition in the personal lines market in
2003.
By contrast we have seen a significant improvement in the underwriting result of our commercial lines business
reflecting the impact of strong rating actions and reduced capacity in the market, particularly commercial property. In
both commercial property and liability, we achieved annualised rating increases, of 19% and 35% respectively (2001: 11%
and 23%, respectively). In commercial motor we remain focused on maintaining profitability and achieved annualised
rating increases of 6% in 2002 (2001: 18%). These rating actions combined with disciplined underwriting have resulted in
an improvement in the COR to 102% (2001:108%).
The expense ratio improved slightly to 10.4% (2001: 10.5%) and maintains our position as one of the lowest cost
providers among the large UK general insurers. We continue to invest in improvements to our infrastructure and to
develop new initiatives in the UK including our pilot scheme to evaluate Pay As You DriveTM motor insurance, and the
launch of Norwich Union Rescue as a branded vehicle breakdown service. We announced in early 2003 plans for a new call
and claims processing operation in India. This investment will help us to maintain a leadership position in our markets
and high levels of customer service 24 hours a day.
Europe (excluding UK)
In Europe, our general insurance businesses produced total operating profit of £153 million (2001: £166 million). In
France our business reported an improvement in their underwriting result to a loss of £14 million (2001: loss of £33
million) with a COR of 102% (2001: 104%). The improvement was driven by strong rating action and achieved despite the
cost of September floods in Southern France. The longer-term investment return in France was lower at £61 million (2001:
£91 million) reflecting the reduced asset base following the disposal of CGU Courtage and the sale of Societe Generale
shares to effect the early redemption of the debenture bond in July 2002.
The sale of CGU Courtage, our broker distribution business completed in May 2002, generated a profit on disposal of £6
million. In reporting our French results to 31 December, we have excluded the results of CGU Courtage. This reflects the
structure of the sale whereby the Group had no economic interest in the operating results after 31 December 2001.
Hibernian, our market leading general insurance business in Ireland, reported an operating profit of £44 million (2001:
£48 million) with an improved COR of 100% (2001: 101%). The result includes the impact of an intra-group quota share
reinsurance agreement. In the Netherlands operating profit was lower at £13 million (2001: £19 million) following storms
in October, the worst for 16 years, and project spend on a new shared service centre. This initiative is expected to
provide efficiency and customer service benefits and is targeted for launch by the end of 2003.
International
Our International businesses recorded an operating profit from continuing operations of £117 million (2001: £120
million). Our Canadian general insurance business reported increased operating profits, higher at £80 million (2001: £72
million) and an improved COR of 102% (2001: 107%). This result reflects strong rating increases across the business,
particularly our commercial lines, and a focus on disciplined underwriting. This was partially offset by a lower
longer-term investment return on a smaller asset base at the beginning of the year following the repatriation of capital
in mid-2001.
Our Australian and New Zealand businesses returned an operating profit of £78 million (2001: £69 million) which includes
the operating profit of Fortis Australia, acquired in 2001. These results have been treated as discontinued following
the disposal of this business at the end of 2002.
Reinsurance
Reinsurance is actively used to limit risk and capital requirements in the inherently volatile general insurance
business. In 2002, reinsurance retentions for catastrophes were £100 million. On renewal of the contract at 1 January
2003, reinsurance retentions for catastrophes at a group level was increased to £250 million for a single event covering
more than one country or a series of events throughout the calendar year. This cover protects the net exposures of our
individual business units who have their own reinsurance in place.
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Non-insurance operations
The result of the Group's non-insurance operations fell significantly to a loss of £69 million (2001: profit of £7
million). This primarily reflects a loss of £54 million (2001: £9 million) in our UK Life Services Company. This loss is
attributable to one-off investment in systems capability, including the upgrade of our unit-pricing system and
compensation costs of £7 million to a small number of unit-linked customers. Further costs of £15 million resulted from
the reorganisation of a number of IFA service centres.
Corporate costs
Corporate costs, excluding staff profit share and other incentive plans, were higher at £132 million (2001: £109
million). Higher corporate costs reflect a £26 million (2001: £6 million) spend on a programme to improve the global
finance systems and processes. We have assessed the impact of the changing corporate governance, regulatory and
financial reporting environment and believe that it is critical that the group undertakes this investment. Profit share
and other incentive plan costs were higher in the year at £86 million (2001: £78 million) reflecting the extension of
these plans across the Group in the latter part of 2001.
Unallocated interest charges
Unallocated interest charges comprise internal and external interest on external borrowings, subordinated debt and
intra-group loans not allocated to local business operations. Total interest costs were £434 million (2001: £426
million). External interest costs were higher at £206 million (2001: £179 million), reflecting the interest charges on
the hybrid debt issued in November 2001 partially offset by lower interest costs following a reduction in commercial
paper rates and repayment of Eurobond debt of £100 million during the year. Internal interest costs fell to £228 million
(2001: £247 million) as a result of a lower average level of internal debt during 2002.
Dividend
In line with the Board's announcement in February 2002 to cut the 2002 full year dividend to 23.0 pence net per ordinary
share, the Board has recommended a final dividend of 14.25 pence net per share (2001: 23.75 pence) payable on 16 May
2003 to shareholders on the register on 28 March 2003. The dividend cover for the year ended 31 December 2002 is 1.65
times the operating earnings after tax, measured on a modified statutory solvency basis. This is within the Group's
stated target range of 1.5 to 2 times. Dividend cover on the basis of continuing operations is 1.51 times.
Group capital and financial strength
Shareholders' funds
Equity shareholders' funds fell to £9.5 billion (31 December 2001: £11.6 billion, restated) primarily reflecting the
impact of the sustained falls in equity markets in 2002 and the change in economic assumptions which had a consequent
impact on the embedded value of the Group's life operations. Net asset value per ordinary share, based on equity
shareholders' funds, fell to 433 pence per share (31 December 2001: 524 pence per share, restated) after adding back the
equalisation provision of £314 million (31 December 2001: £272 million).
Our capital position has been affected by the decline in equity markets but remains resilient. The ratings of the
Group's main operating subsidiaries are AA ('very strong') from Standard & Poor's and Aa2 ('excellent') from Moody's.
These ratings were confirmed in February 2003, although the rating agencies have highlighted that the insurance sector
remains under review.
Return on capital employed
The Group's normalised annualised 2002 post-tax return on equity was 10.1% (2001: 9.7%, restated) which reflects the
robust results delivered in the year. The normalised return is based on the post-tax operating profit, including life
achieved profit, before amortisation of goodwill and exceptional items, expressed as a percentage of the opening equity
capital.
Financial strength of the Group and its principal insurance operations
In a market that increasingly looks for quality and financial strength, the resilience of the regulatory capital
position of the Group and its principal insurance operations is fundamental to our business. Aviva group had an
estimated excess regulatory capital, as measured on the new EU Directive, of some £0.7 billion at 31 December 2002 (31
December 2001: £1.7 billion). This measure represents the excess of the aggregate value of the regulatory capital
employed in our business over the aggregate minimum solvency requirements imposed by local regulators excluding the
surplus held in the Group's UK life funds. The reduction in the excess regulatory capital is as a result of the
estimated increased required minimum margins of the operations and reduction in the regulatory value of assets of the
group.
Our principal UK general insurance regulated subsidiaries are CGU International Insurance plc (CGUII) and Norwich Union
Insurance (NUI). CGUII is the parent company of the majority of the Group's overseas life and general insurance
subsidiaries.
The combined businesses of CGUII group and NUI have strong solvency positions. On an aggregate basis, the estimated
excess solvency margin (representing the regulatory value of excess available assets over the required minimum margin)
of the combined operations was £2.3 billion at 31 December 2002 (31 December 2001: £3.1 billion) after covering the
required minimum margin of £3.2 billion. The reduction in the excess solvency margin is largely as a result of the
increased required minimum margin of £0.3 billion and the reduction in the regulatory value of assets. Solvency cover
for the CGUII group has been estimated at 4.2 times and for the NUI group at a cover of 2.2 times. The solvency margin
of the combined regulated group is resilient to equity market movements. We estimate that the solvency can withstand
further significant market falls before the solvency cover is reduced to 1.0 times.
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Page 7
Furthermore, as CGUII also indirectly holds the majority of our overseas life and non-life businesses its regulatory
solvency strength can benefit these businesses. Another measure that the Group uses to assess its capital requirements
is risk-based capital. At 31 December 2002 the risk-based capital requirement of our worldwide general insurance
businesses was £3.1 billion in comparison to £4.0 billion of capital employed by these businesses after deducting
goodwill and adding back the claims equalisation reserve. The combined general insurance businesses of CGUII and NUI
hold total regulated available assets of £5.5 billion. After deducting the risk-based capital for the general insurance
businesses of CGUII and NUI of £3.1 billion and, adding back the claims equalisation reserve of £0.3 billion, the
remaining available capital of £2.7 billion is sufficient to cover the minimum margins of the overseas life businesses
by approximately 1.7 times.
A common measure of the financial strength in the UK for life insurance business is the free asset ratio (FAR). We
estimate that the average free asset ratio of our three large UK life companies was 11.8% at 31 December 2002 (31
December 2001: 14.7%). This has been calculated in accordance with FSA guidance on resilience tests using a 14% fall in
equities and a 10% fall in property, and includes implicit items. If these implicit items were excluded then the FAR
would be 7.7% (31 December 2001: 10.8%).
The strength of our with-profit funds is underpinned by our UK orphan estate. At 31 December 2002, the orphan estate of
£4.3 billion (31 December 2001: £5.2 billion) is based upon a realistic assessment of liabilities and is calculated
after prudently allowing for over £4 billion in respect of the expected costs of guarantees and the glide path. The
orphan estate is used to support strong business development for the benefit of policyholders and shareholders alike.
The orphan estate is estimated on the basis of realistic assumptions, as distinct from statutory free reserves which
uses rules specified by statute.
At 31 December 2002, the aggregate value of with-profit funds in our funds in our UK life business invested on behalf of
our policyholders amounted to £45 billion. The split of investments as at that date was as follows:
Equity 35% (31 December 2001: 54%)
Fixed interest 44% (31 December 2001: 31%)
Property 17% (31 December 2001: 14%)
Other 4% (31 December 2001: 1%)
Life profits reporting
In reporting the headline operating profit, life profits have been included using the achieved profit basis. This is
used throughout the Aviva Group and by many in the investment community to assess performance. We have focused on the
achieved profit basis, as we believe life achieved operating profit is a more realistic measure of the performance of
life businesses than the modified statutory basis. The modified statutory basis is used in our financial statements and,
on this basis, the life operating profit before tax on continuing operations amounted to £1,022 million. The basis used
for reporting achieved profit is consistent with the guidance set out by the Association of British Insurers.
Definitions of Group key performance indicators and other terms
Achieved operating profit - From both continuing and discontinued operations and is stated before amortisation of
goodwill and exceptional items.
Achieved operating earnings - Operating profit on an achieved profit basis before amortisation of goodwill and
per share exceptional items, after taxation, attributable to equity shareholders in respect of
continuing operations and discontinued operations.
Annual premium equivalent - Is the UK industry standard for calculating life, pensions and investments new business
levels. It is the total of new regular life premiums and 10% of single life premiums.
Modified statutory - From both continuing and discontinued operations, and is stated before tax,
operating profit amortisation of goodwill, amortisation of acquired additional value of in-force
long-term business and exceptional items.
Continuing operations - Business operations excluding the discontinued Australian, New Zealand and US general
insurance operations.
Net asset value per - Is calculated based on equity shareholders' funds, adding back the equalisation
ordinary share provision of £314 million (31 December 2001: £272 million).
Assets under management - Represents all assets managed by the Group including funds held on behalf of third
parties.
New business contribution - Is calculated using the same economic assumptions as those used to determine the
embedded values at the beginning of each year and is stated before tax and the effect
of the solvency margin.
New business margin - The ratio of new business contribution to sales measured on an annual premium
equivalent basis.
Combined operating ratio - The aggregate of incurred claims expressed as a percentage of earned premiums and
written expenses and written commissions expressed as a percentage of written premiums.
Free asset ratio - The excess of the regulatory value of assets over total liabilities divided by the
regulatory value of total liabilities, expressed as a percentage.
Solvency cover - The excess of the regulatory value of total assets over total liabilities, divided by
the regulatory value of the required minimum solvency margin.
Orphan estate - The assets of the long-term with-profit funds less the realistic reserves for
non-profit policies, less asset shares aggregated across the with-profit policies and
any additional amounts expected at the valuation date to be paid to in-force
policyholders in the future in respect of smoothing costs and guarantees.
CGUII - A principal UK general insurance company and the parent of the majority of the Group's
overseas general insurance and life assurance subsidiaries.
EU solvency - The excess of assets over liabilities and the world-wide minimum solvency margins,
excluding goodwill and the additional value of in-force long-term business, and
excluding the surplus held in the Group's life funds. The Group solvency calculation is
determined according to the UK Financial Services Authority application of EU Insurance
Groups Directive rules.
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Page 8
Summarised consolidated profit and loss account - achieved profit basis
For the year ended 31 December 2002
Restated*
2002 2002 2001
€m £m £m
Operating profit
2,419 Life achieved operating profit 1,524 1,665
97 Health 61 70
8 Fund management 5 29
1,398 General insurance 881 876
(109) Non-insurance operations (69) 7
(346) Corporate costs (218) (187)
(689) Unallocated interest charges (434) (426)
(48) Wealth management (30) (99)
------ ------ ------
Operating profit - continuing operations before tax, amortisation
2,730 of goodwill and exceptional items 1,720 1,935
Discontinued operations
124 Australia and New Zealand general insurance operations 78 69
- US general insurance operations - (21)
------ ------ ------
Operating profit - before tax, amortisation of goodwill and
2,854 exceptional items 1,798 1,983
(214) Amortisation of goodwill (135) (87)
- Financial Services Compensation Scheme levy - (31)
- Integration costs - (59)
------ ------ ------
2,640 Operating profit before tax 1,663 1,806
(5,564) Variation from longer-term investment return (3,504) (2,584)
(890) Effect of economic assumption changes (561) 1
(90) Change in the equalisation provision (57) (56)
(6) (Loss)/profit on the disposal of subsidiary undertakings (4) 287
------ ------ ------
(3,910) Loss on ordinary activities before tax (2,463) (546)
(843) Tax on operating profit - continuing operations before (531) (616)
amortisation of goodwill and exceptional items
1,559 Tax on loss on other ordinary activities 982 740
------ ------ ------
(3,194) Loss on ordinary activities after tax (2,012) (422)
(52) Minority interests (33) (80)
------ ------ ------
(3,246) Loss for the financial year (2,045) (502)
(27) Preference dividends (17) (17)
------ ------ ------
(3,273) Loss for the financial year attributable to equity shareholders (2,062) (519)
(824) Ordinary dividends (519) (857)
------ ------ ------
(4,097) Retained loss (2,581) (1,376)
====== ====== ======
Earnings per share
Operating profit on an achieved profit basis before amortisation
of goodwill and exceptional items, after tax, attributable to
equity shareholders in respect of:
76.7 c Continuing operations 48.3p 53.7p
81.7 c Continuing and discontinued operations 51.5p 55.5p
(145.2) c Loss attributable to equity shareholders (91.5)p (23.1)p
(145.2) c Loss attributable to equity shareholders - diluted** (91.5)p (23.1)p
* Restated for the effect of Financial Reporting Standard 19.
** As required by FRS 14 'Earnings per share', the impact of the dilutive effect is not recognised as it would result
in a smaller loss.
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Basis of preparation - achieved profits basis
The achieved profit statement on page 8 includes the results of the Group's life operations reported under the achieved
profit basis combined with the modified statutory basis results of the Group's non-life operations set out on pages 16
to 29. In the directors' opinion, the achieved profits basis provides a more accurate reflection of the performance of
the Group's life operations year on year than results under the modified statutory basis. The achieved profit
methodology used is in accordance with the guidance on 'Supplementary reporting for long-term insurance business (the
achieved profits method)' circulated by the Association of British Insurers in December 2001. Further details on the
methodology and assumptions are set out on pages 13 to 15.
The results of the Group's life operations under the modified statutory basis, which is the basis used in the annual
statutory accounts, can be found on pages 16 to 29.
The contribution from the Group's share of the alliance with The Royal Bank of Scotland Group (RBSG) is incorporated
within the achieved operating profit. Goodwill amortised in the year in respect of the Group's holding in the associated
company, RBS Life Investments Limited, is included within the 'Amortisation of goodwill' on page 8.
The results for 2002 and 2001 have been audited by the auditors Ernst & Young LLP. Their audit report in respect of 2002
is included in the Report and Accounts on page 98 of that document.
Components of total life achieved profit
Total life achieved profit, including the Group's share from the alliance with RBSG, comprises the following components,
the first three of which in aggregate are referred to as life achieved operating profit:
- new business contribution written during the year including value added between the point of sale and end of year;
- the profit from existing business equal to:
- the expected return on the value of the in-force business at the beginning of the period,
- experience variances caused by the differences between the actual experience during the period and expected
experience based on the operating assumptions used to calculate the start of year value,
- the impact of changes in operating assumptions including risk margins;
- the expected investment return on the shareholders' net worth, based upon assumptions applying at the start of the
year;
- investment return variances caused by differences between the actual return in the period and the expected
experience based on economic assumptions used to calculate the start of year value; and
- the impact of changes in economic assumptions in the period.
2002 2001*
£m £m
New business contribution (after the effect of solvency margin) 452 479
Profit from existing business
- expected return 849 848
- experience variances (110) (18)
- operating assumption changes** 9 17
Expected return on shareholders' net worth 324 339
------ ------
Life achieved operating profit before tax and exceptional items 1,524 1,665
Exceptional items*** - (12)
Investment return variances (2,320) (1,632)
Effect of economic assumption changes (561) 1
------ ------
Total life achieved (loss)/profit before tax (1,357) 22
Tax on operating (loss)/profit (460) (511)
Tax on other ordinary activities 857 499
------ ------
Total life achieved (loss)/profit after tax (960) 10
====== ======
* The other life and savings result has been reclassified to non-insurance (page 32).
** Operating assumption changes include the impact of reducing the risk margins in the US in line with the directors'
views of the risks associated with this in-force portfolio. The impact of this change was £13 million. In 2001,
operating assumption changes included the impact of reducing risk margins in The Netherlands and the Poland life
and pensions operations. The impact of the change in The Netherlands was £17 million. The impact was £22 million
in the Poland life operation and £6 million in the Poland pensions operation.
*** Exceptional items in 2001 comprised integration costs.
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Page 10
New business contribution
The following table sets out the contribution from new business written by the long-term business operations. The
contribution generated by new business written during the period is the present value of the projected stream of after
tax distributable profit from that business. Contribution before tax is calculated by grossing up the contribution after
tax at the full corporation tax rate for UK business and at appropriate rates of tax for other countries.
Annual premium equivalent* New business
contribution
Local
currency
2002 2001 growth 2002 2001
£m £m % £m £m
United Kingdom 1,231 1,269 (3%) 290 327
Europe (excluding UK)
France 223 233 (5%) 69 79
Ireland 103 102 (1%) 29 29
Italy 153 126 20% 38 28
Netherlands (including Belgium
and Luxembourg) 158 170 (8%) 21 38
Poland 48 60 (16%) 10 11
Spain 189 136 38% 87 63
Other 93 91 3% (5) -
International 175 132 36% 39 16
------ ------ ------ ------ -------
Total annualised premiums 2,373 2,319 2%
Total new business contribution before
effect of solvency margin** 578 591
Effect of solvency margin (126) (112)
------ ------
Total new business contribution including
effect of solvency margin 452 479
====== ======
* Annual premium equivalent represents regular premiums plus 10% of single premiums.
** New business contribution before effect of solvency margin includes minority interests in 2002 of £69 million
(2001: £51 million). This comprises minority interests in France of £4 million (2001: £4 million), Italy £19
million (2001: £14 million), Poland £1 million (2001: £1 million) and Spain £45 million (2001: £32 million).
New business contributions have been calculated using the same economic assumptions as those used to determine the
embedded values as at the beginning of each year and operating assumptions used to determine the embedded values as at
the end of the year. The effect of solvency margin represents the impact of holding the minimum European Union (EU)
solvency margin (or equivalent for non-EU operations) and discounting to present value the projected future releases
from the solvency margin to shareholders.
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Page 11
Analysis of life achieved operating profit
Life achieved operating profit is calculated on an after-tax basis and then grossed up at the full rate of corporation
tax for UK business and at appropriate rates of tax for other countries.
2002 2001
£m £m
United Kingdom 699 850
Europe (excluding UK)
France 228 227
Ireland 75 79
Italy 52 55
Netherlands (including Belgium and Luxembourg) 200 221
Poland 111 99
Spain 83 80
Other (2) 18
International 78 36
------ ------
Total life achieved operating profit before tax and exceptional items*
1,524 1,665
====== ======
* Life achieved operating profit includes minority interests in the year to 31 December 2002 of £90 million (2001:
£84 million). This comprises minority interests in France of £7 million (2001: £8 million), Italy £26 million
(2001: £27 million), Poland £18 million (2001: £15 million) and Spain £39 million (2001: £34 million).
Embedded value of life business
2002 2001
£m £m
Embedded value at the beginning of the year 11,063 11,234
Total life achieved (loss)/profit after tax (960) 18
Exchange rate movements 220 (97)
Embedded value of businesses acquired/(disposed)* 13 84
Amounts injected into life operations 419 175
Amounts released from life operations (607) (351)
------ ------
Embedded value at the end of the year** 10,148 11,063
====== ======
* Embedded value from businesses acquired in 2002 represents the life subsidiary of DBS Hong Kong of £13 million.
Embedded value from businesses acquired in 2001 comprises Risparmio and Eurovita in Italy (£120 million), the life
operations of Unicaja, Caixa Galicia and Caja Espana in Spain (£64 million), Hungary (£11 million) and The
Insurance Corporation of Singapore (£25 million). Embedded value from businesses disposed of in 2001 comprises NU
Vita (Italy) (£16 million), Greece (£3 million) and Canada (£117 million).
** Embedded value at the end of the year includes minority interests in 2002 of £410 million (2001: £347 million).
This comprises minority interests in France of £42 million (2001: £34 million), Italy £180 million (2001: £149
million), Poland £51 million (2001: £55 million), Spain £134 million (2001: £107 million) and Other Europe £3
million (2001: £2 million).
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Page 12
Segmental analysis of embedded value of life business
Valuation of
Net worth in-force Embedded value
at 31 December* at 31 December** at 31 December
2002 2001 2002 2001 2002 2001
£m £m £m £m £m £m
United Kingdom 1,845 2,032 3,167 3,998 5,012 6,030
Europe (excluding UK)
France 833 836 388 407 1,221 1,243
Ireland 218 191 254 276 472 467
Italy 250 163 99 115 349 278
Netherlands (including
Belgium and Luxembourg) 859 1,032 947 834 1,806 1,866
Poland 129 119 223 252 352 371
Spain 149 107 201 202 350 309
Other 128 58 48 49 176 107
International 294 289 116 103 410 392
------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
4,705 4,827 5,443 6,236 10,148 11,063
====== ====== ====== ====== ====== ======
* The shareholders' net worth comprises the market value of the shareholders' funds and the shareholders' interest
in the surplus held in the non-profit component of the long-term business funds determined on a statutory solvency
basis and adjusted to add back any non-admissible assets.
** The net worth includes £2,600 million (31 December 2001: £2,200 million) in respect of minimum statutory solvency
margin requirements that are supported by shareholders' capital. The effect of holding the minimum statutory
solvency margin and allowing for projected future releases was £750 million (31 December 2001: £700 million).
Minority interest in life achieved profit
2002 2001
Shareholders' Minority
interest interest Group Group
£m £m £m £m
New business contribution before effect of
solvency margin 509 69 578 591
Effect of solvency margin (108) (18) (126) (112)
------ ------ ------ ------
New business contribution including effect of
solvency margin 401 51 452 479
====== ====== ====== ======
Life achieved operating profit before tax and
exceptional items 1,434 90 1,524 1,665
====== ====== ====== ======
Total life achieved (loss)/profit before tax 14
(1,371) (1,357) 22
Attributed tax 401 (4) 397 (12)
------ ------ ------ ------
Total life achieved (loss)/profit after tax (970) 10 (960) 10
====== ====== ====== ======
Closing life embedded value 9,738 410 10,148 11,063
====== ====== ====== ======
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Page 13
Methodology
(a) Life achieved profit
The achieved profit method of financial reporting is designed to recognise profit as it is earned over the life of an
insurance policy. The total profit recognised over the lifetime of a policy is the same as under the modified statutory
basis of reporting, but the timing of recognition is different.
Distributable profits from long-term businesses arise when they are released to shareholders following actuarial
valuations. These are carried out in accordance with statutory requirements designed to ensure and demonstrate solvency
in long-term business funds.
Future distributable profits will depend on experience in a number of areas such as investment return, discontinuance
rates, mortality and administration costs. Using realistic assumptions of future experience, we can project releases to
shareholders arising in future years from the business in-force and associated minimum statutory solvency margin.
The life achieved profit reflects current performance by measuring the movement, from the beginning to the end of the
year, in the present value of projected releases to shareholders from the business in-force and associated minimum
statutory margin, together with the movement in the net assets of the long-term operations, adjusted for any amounts
released from or invested in life operations.
The present value of the projected releases to shareholders is calculated by discounting back to the current time using
a risk discount rate. The risk discount rate is a combination of a discount rate to reflect the time value of money and
a risk margin to make prudent allowance for the risk that experience in future years may differ from the assumptions
referred to above.
The calculations are carried out on an after-tax basis and the profits are then grossed up for tax at the full rate of
corporation tax for the United Kingdom and at an appropriate rate for each of the other countries.
(b) Embedded value
The shareholders' interest in the long-term business operations is represented by the embedded value. The embedded value
is the total of the net assets of the long-term operations and the present value at risk discount rates (which
incorporate a risk margin) of the projected releases to shareholders arising from the business in-force, less a
deduction for the effect of holding the minimum statutory solvency margin. This effect of solvency margin is the
difference between the nominal value of the solvency margin and the present value at risk discount rates of the
projected release of the solvency margin and investment earnings on the assets deemed to back the solvency margin.
For with-profit funds in the United Kingdom and Ireland, for the purpose of recognising the value of the estate, it is
assumed that terminal bonuses are increased to exhaust all of the free assets over the future lifetime of the in-force
with-profit policies.
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Page 14
Principal economic assumptions
Economic assumptions are derived actively based on market yields on risk free fixed interest assets at each period end.
Margins are applied on a consistent basis to risk-free yields to obtain investment return assumptions for ordinary
shares and property, and risk discount rates. The reductions in assumptions in 2002 reflect the fall in actual risk free
yields (for example, in the UK the 15-year gilt) over the year in each territory. Risk margins remain unchanged in all
of our key businesses.
The principal economic assumptions used are as follows:
United Kingdom France
2002 2001 2000 2002 2001 2000
Risk discount rate 7.3% 7.7% 7.4% 8.1% 8.6% 8.5%
Pre-tax investment returns:
Base government
fixed interest 4.5% 5.0% 4.7% 4.3% 5.1% 5.0%
Ordinary shares 7.0% 7.5% 7.2% 6.3% 7.1% 7.0%
Property 6.0% 6.5% 6.2% 5.8% 6.6% 6.5%
Future expense inflation 3.6% 3.7% 3.7% 2.5% 2.5% 2.5%
Tax rate 30.0% 30.0% 30.0% 35.4% 36.4% 37.8%
Ireland Italy
2002 2001 2000 2002 2001 2000
Risk discount rate 8.7% 9.3% 9.1% 7.3% 7.6% 7.5%
Pre-tax investment returns:
Base government
fixed interest 4.6% 5.3% 5.3% 4.4% 5.3% 5.3%
Ordinary shares 7.6% 8.3% 8.3% 7.4% 8.3% 8.3%
Property 6.1% 6.8% 6.8% 5.9% 6.8% 6.8%
Future expense inflation 4.0% 4.0% 5.0% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3%
Tax rate 12.5% 16.0% 20.0% 39.8% 41.0% 43.0%
Netherlands Poland*
2002 2001 2000 2002 2001 2000
Risk discount rate 7.4% 8.0% 8.0% 15.4% 18.5% 20.0%
Pre-tax investment returns:
Base government
fixed interest 4.2% 5.1% 5.0% 8.0% 12.5% 12.5%
Ordinary shares 7.2% 8.1% 7.9% 8.0% 12.5% 12.5%
Property 5.7% 6.6% 6.5% n/a n/a n/a
Future expense inflation 2.5% 2.5% 2.5% 5.4% 9.2% 9.2%
Tax rate 25.0% 25.0% 25.0% 27.0% 28.0% 28.0%
Spain
2002 2001 2000
Risk discount rate 7.7% 8.3% 8.4%
Pre-tax investment returns:
Base government
fixed interest 4.6% 5.3% 5.4%
Ordinary shares 7.6% 8.3% 8.4%
Property 6.1% 6.8% 6.9%
Future expense inflation 3.0% 3.2% 4.0%
Tax rate 35.0% 35.0% 35.0%
* The economic assumptions shown above are those in the calculations for the life business. The economic assumptions
for the pension business are identical with the exception of the risk discount rate which is 13.8% (2001: 16.9%;
2000: 17.3%).
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Page 15
Other assumptions
- Current tax legislation and rates have been assumed to continue unaltered, except where changes in future tax
rates have been announced.
- Assumed future mortality, morbidity and lapse rates have been derived from an analysis of Aviva's recent operating
experience.
- The management expenses of Aviva attributable to long-term business operations have been split between expenses
relating to the acquisition of new business and to the maintenance of business in-force. Certain expenses of an
exceptional nature have been identified separately and the discounted value of projected exceptional costs has
been deducted from the value of in-force business. A realistic estimate of future fund management expenses that
will be charged to long-term businesses by Group companies not included in the long-term business covered by the
achieved profits method has been included within the value of in-force business.
- It has been assumed that there will be no changes to the methods and bases used to calculate the statutory
technical provisions and current surrender values.
- The value of in-force business allows for future premiums under recurring single premium business where collection
of future single premiums is expected and where the receipt of further single premiums is not regarded as new
business at the point of receipt. It does not allow for future premiums under non-contractual increments, or for
future Department of Social Security (DSS) rebate premiums, and the value arising therefrom is included in the
value of new business when the premiums are received.
- The value of the in-force business has been determined after allowing for the effect of holding solvency margins
equal to the minimum EU solvency requirement (or equivalent for non-EU operations). Solvency margins relating to
with-profit business are assumed to be covered by the surplus within the with-profit funds and no effect has been
attributed to shareholders.
- Bonus rates on with-profit business have been set at levels consistent with the economic assumptions and Aviva's
medium-term bonus plans. The distribution of profit between policyholders and shareholders within the with-profit
funds assumes that the shareholder interest in conventional with-profit business in the United Kingdom and Ireland
continues at the current rate of one-ninth of the cost of bonus.
Alternative assumptions
Economic assumptions
The table below shows the sensitivity to a one percentage point increase in interest rates and in the discount rate for
new business contribution and embedded value.
New business contribution Embedded value
Interest Discount Interest Discount
rates rate rates rate
£m £m £m £m
United Kingdom 25 (45) (225) (275)
Europe (excluding UK)
France 7 (8) (60) (65)
Ireland 3 (3) (5) (15)
Italy 2 (2) - (10)
Netherlands (including Belgium and Luxembourg) 7 (7) (70) (110)
Poland - (1) - (15)
Spain (2) (8) (15) (15)
Other 1 (1) - (5)
International - (5) (5) (15)
------ ------ ------ ------
43 (80) (380) (525)
====== ====== ====== ======
Profits are affected by a change in underlying interest rates. When interest rates change, expected future investment
returns will also change and this in turn will affect projected cash flows. A change in interest rates will also result
in a change in the discount rate used to calculate the present value of the projected cash flows. The impact of an
increase of one percentage point in interest rates incorporates all such changes. In addition, the impact on embedded
value includes the impact of the reduction that would occur in the market value of fixed interest investments if
interest rates increased by one percentage point. Market values of other asset classes are assumed to reduce in
proportion to movements in the market value of fixed interest investments of an appropriate term.
The impact of an increase of one percentage point in the discount rate is calculated with all other assumptions
remaining unchanged.
Non-economic assumptions
Sensitivity calculations have been performed to identify the non-economic assumptions to which new business contribution
and the value of in-force business within embedded value are particularly sensitive. The calculations have been based on
similar percentage movements in each assumption from the base assumption used to calculate the published new business
contribution and value of in-force business. Based on this, the Group's new business contribution is most, and broadly
equally, sensitive to changes in future maintenance expenses and discontinuance rates, whereas the value of in-force
business is most sensitive to changes in levels of future maintenance expenses.
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Page 16
Summarised consolidated profit and loss account - modified statutory basis
For the year ended 31 December 2002
Restated*
2002 2002 2001
€m £m £m
Premium income (after reinsurance) and investment sales
Continuing operations
28,844 Life premiums, including share of associates' premiums 18,172 17,590
1,632 Investment sales 1,028 1,475
1,473 Health premiums 928 841
------ ------ ------
31,949 20,128 19,906
12,389 General insurance premiums 7,805 7,850
------ ------ ------
44,338 Total continuing operations 27,933 27,756
Discontinued operations
1,098 Australia and New Zealand general insurance operations 692 583
- US general insurance operations - 1,103
------ ------ ------
45,436 Total 28,625 29,442
====== ====== ======
Operating profit
1,622 Modified statutory life profit 1,022 1,194
97 Health 61 70
8 Fund management 5 29
1,398 General insurance 881 876
(109) Non-insurance operations (69) 7
(346) Corporate costs (218) (187)
(689) Unallocated interest charges (434) (426)
(48) Wealth management (30) (99)
------ ------ ------
Operating profit - continuing operations before tax,
amortisation of goodwill, amortisation of acquired additional
1,933 value of in-force long-term business and exceptional items 1,218 1,464
Discontinued operations
124 Australia and New Zealand general insurance operations 78 69
- US general insurance operations - (21)
------ ------ ------
Operating profit - before tax, amortisation of goodwill and
2,057 exceptional items 1,296 1,512
(214) Amortisation of goodwill (135) (87)
(221) Amortisation of acquired additional value of in-force long-term (139) (64)
business
- Financial Services Compensation Scheme levy - (31)
- Integration costs - (59)
------ ------ ------
1,622 Operating profit before tax 1,022 1,271
(1,974) Short-term fluctuation in investment return (1,243) (988)
(90) Change in the equalisation provision (57) (56)
(6) (Loss)/profit on the disposal of subsidiary undertakings (4) 287
------ ------ ------
(448) (Loss)/profit on ordinary activities before tax (282) 514
(327) Tax on (loss)/profit on ordinary activities (206) (198)
------ ------ ------
(775) (Loss)/profit on ordinary activities after tax (488) 316
(73) Minority interests (46) (57)
------ ------ ------
(848) (Loss)/profit for the financial year (534) 259
(27) Preference dividends (17) (17)
------ ------ ------
(Loss)/profit for the financial year attributable to equity
(875) shareholders (551) 242
(824) (519) (857)
Ordinary dividends
------ ------ ------
(1,699) Retained loss transferred from reserves (1,070) (615)
====== ====== ======
* Restated for the effect of Financial Reporting Standard 19.
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Page 17
Earnings per share - modified statutory basis
For the year ended 31 December 2002
Restated*
2002 2001
Operating profit before amortisation of goodwill, amortisation of acquired
additional value of in-force long-term business and exceptional items, after
tax, attributable to equity shareholders in respect of:
Continuing operations 34.8p 40.8p
Continuing and discontinued operations 38.0p 42.6p
(Loss)/profit attributable to equity shareholders (24.4)p 10.8p
(Loss)/profit attributable to equity shareholders - diluted (24.4)p 10.7p
Dividend per share 23.0p 38.0p
Consolidated statement of total recognised gains and losses
For the year ended 31 December 2002
Restated*
2002 2001
£m £m
(Loss)/profit for the financial year (534) 259
Movement in internally-generated additional value of in-force
long-term business** (1,511) (761)
Foreign exchange gains/(losses) 179 (191)
------ ------
(1,866) (693)
Total recognised losses arising in the year
====== ======
* Restated for the effect of Financial Reporting Standard 19.
** Stated before the effect of foreign exchange movements, which are reported within the foreign exchange gains/
(losses) line.
Reconciliation of movements in consolidated shareholders' funds
For the year ended 31 December 2002
Restated*
2002 2001
£m £m
Shareholders' funds at the beginning of the year, as originally reported 11,872 13,633
Prior year adjustment** (120) (346)
------ ------
Shareholders' funds at the beginning of the year, as restated 11,752 13,287
Total recognised losses arising in the year (1,866) (693)
Dividends (536) (874)
Increase in share capital 11 29
Goodwill written back and other movements 308 3
------ ------
Shareholders' funds at the end of the year 9,669 11,752
====== ======
* Restated for the effect of Financial Reporting Standard 19.
** The prior year adjustment reflects the implementation of Financial Reporting Standard 19 (page 21).
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Page 18
Summarised consolidated balance sheet
As at 31 December 2002
Restated*
2002 2001
£m £m
Assets
Goodwill 1,040 1,141
------ ------
Investments
Land and buildings 668 857
Investments in associated undertakings and participating interests 287 282
Variable yield securities 2,603 4,168
Fixed interest securities 7,737 9,288
Mortgages and loans, net of non-recourse funding 1,201 1,236
Deposits 550 1,346
Additional value of in-force long-term business 4,422 5,948
------ ------
17,468 23,125
Reinsurers' share of technical provisions 2,882 3,543
Assets of the long-term business 152,887 151,003
Other assets 10,646 9,512
------ ------
Total assets 184,923 188,324
====== ======
Liabilities
Shareholders' funds
Equity 9,469 11,552
Non-equity 200 200
Minority interests 743 651
------ ------
10,412 12,403
Subordinated debt 1,190 1,157
------ ------
Total capital, reserves and subordinated debt 11,602 13,560
Liabilities of the long-term business 146,930 145,644
General insurance liabilities 16,031 17,825
Borrowings 2,064 2,662
Other creditors and provisions 8,296 8,633
------ ------
Total liabilities 184,923 188,324
====== ======
* Restated for the effect of Financial Reporting Standard 19.
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Page 19
Consolidated cash flow statement
For the year ended 31 December 2002
2002 2001
£m £m
Net cash inflow from operating activities, excluding exceptional items and
merger transaction costs** 1,005 701
Net cash outflow from servicing of finance (265) (246)
Corporation tax received/(paid) 175 (39)
Net purchases of tangible fixed assets (102) (114)
------ ------
813 302
Exceptional items and merger transaction costs paid** (523) (491)
Acquisitions and disposals of subsidiary and associated undertakings 241 853
Equity dividends paid (732) (856)
Proceeds from issue of subordinated debt - 1,157
Net cash (outflow)/inflow from other financing activities:
Issue of share capital 11 29
Net (repayment)/drawdown of loans* (68) 313
------ ------
Net cash flows (258) 1,307
====== ======
Cash flows were invested as follows:
Increase/(decrease) in cash holdings 719 (69)
Net (sales)/purchases of investments* (747) 1,442
Non-trading (cash outflow) to long-term business operations (230) (66)
------ ------
Net investment of cash flows (258) 1,307
====== ======
The cash flows presented in this statement relate to non-long-term business transactions only. Long-term business
profits are included as net cash inflows/(outflows) from operating activities only to the extent that they have been
remitted to shareholders by way of dividends from life operations. The proceeds from the sale of our Australian and New
Zealand general insurance businesses are excluded from the above cashflow statement as they are accounted for within
debtors at 31 December 2002 and were received on 2 January 2003.
* The cash flows relating to mortgages securitised have been reclassified from net purchases of investments to
drawdown of loans in 2001.
** Payments to the Berkshire Hathaway Group for reinsurance purchased in December 2000 to secure protection against
any adverse impact of the run-off of London Market claims reserves are now shown within exceptional items.
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Page 20
1. Basis of preparation - modified statutory solvency basis
(a) The preliminary announcement for the year to 31 December 2002 does not constitute statutory accounts as defined in
section 240 of the Companies Act 1985. The results on the modified statutory basis for 2002 have been taken from
the Group's 2002 Report and Accounts. The auditor has reported on the 2002 accounts and their report was
unqualified and did not contain a statement under section 237(2) or (3) of the Companies Act 1985. The Group's
2001 Annual Report and Accounts have been filed with the Registrar of Companies.
(b) 'Discontinued operations' disclosures in 2002 relate to the disposal of the general insurance businesses in
Australia and New Zealand. The 2001 comparative includes both these businesses and the general insurance business
in the United States, which was sold in that year. The results of all other operations are entitled 'Continuing
operations'.
The Group's consolidated profit and loss account incorporates the following information in respect of the
Australia, New Zealand and US general insurance businesses:
Abridged statement of operating and investment gains
Australia & New Zealand US General
2002 2001 2002 2001
£m £m £m £m
Underwriting result 7 (1) - (173)
Longer-term investment return 71 70 - 152
------ ------ ------ ------
General insurance operating profit/(loss) 78 69 - (21)
Unallocated interest charges* - - - (21)
------ ------ ------ ------
Operating profit/(loss) 78 69 - (42)
Amortisation of goodwill (2) (1) - (1)
Short-term fluctuation in investment returns and other items (40) (6) - 13
------ ------ ------ ------
Profit/(loss) on ordinary activities before tax 36 62 - (30)
Tax on profit/(loss) on ordinary activities (6) (12) - (93)
------ ------ ------ ------
Profit/(loss) for the financial year 30 50 - (123)
Retranslation to closing rate - - - (2)
------ ------ ------ ------
Retained profit/(loss) 30 50 - (125)
====== ====== ====== ======
* Unallocated interest charges are eliminated on consolidation.
(c) The contribution from the Group's share of the alliance with The Royal Bank of Scotland Group (RBSG) is
incorporated within the modified statutory life profit. Goodwill amortised in the year in respect of the Group's
holding in the associated company, RBS Life Investments Limited, is included within 'Amortisation of goodwill' on
page 16.
(d) Financial Reporting Standard (FRS) 17 'Retirement Benefits' was published by the Accounting Standards Board (ASB)
in December 2000. Full implementation of the requirements of FRS17 was expected to be mandatory for the Group for
the year ended 31 December 2003, with certain disclosure requirements in the transitional period. In July 2002,
the ASB issued an amendment to FRS17 which extended the transitional period through to the year ending 31 December
2005. The table shown in the supplementary analyses on page 34 is an extract from these supplementary memorandum
disclosures. The Group has continued to account for pension costs in accordance with SSAP24.
(e) Financial Reporting Standard (FRS) 19 'Deferred Tax' was published by the ASB in December 2000 and replaced the
existing Statement of Standard Accounting Practice (SSAP15) on deferred tax. FRS19 is effective for the year ended
31 December 2002. The principal impact of the change from the accounting policy applied under SSAP15 is to provide
additional deferred tax on unrealised appreciation of investments. The additional deferred tax provision results
in a reduction in the fund for future appropriations for with-profit life business and a reduction in profit and
loss account reserve for general insurance business. In the case of non-profit life business the embedded value
incorporates the impact of all future tax charges. As a consequence establishment of an additional deferred tax
provision has a neutral effect on shareholders' funds as the increase in deferred tax provision is offset by a
corresponding decrease in the additional value of in-force long-term business. The Group has chosen to adopt the
discounting option for its deferred tax balances to reflect the time value of money.
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Page 21
The effects of implementing FRS19 are as follows:
(i) An incremental provision for deferred tax was established at 31 December 2001 of £945 million and has been
accounted for as a prior year adjustment. This incremental provision has reduced to £112 million at 31 December
2002. The establishment of the incremental provision has resulted in the following at the respective balance sheet
dates:
2002 2001
£m £m
With-profit business
Reduction in fund for future appropriations 53 735
Non-profit business
Increase in additional value of in-force business 12 90
General insurance business and other
Reduction in shareholders' funds 47 120
------ ------
Incremental deferred tax provision arising from the move from SSAP15 to FRS19 112 945
====== ======
(ii) The implementation of FRS19 has resulted in a decrease in profit after tax of £151 million (2001: decrease of
£226 million).
2. Exchange rates
The euro rates employed in this announcement are an average rate of 1 euro = £0.63 (2001: 1 euro = £0.62) and a closing
rate of 1 euro = £0.65 (31 December 2001: 1 euro = £0.61).
3. Acquisitions
On 31 May 2002, the Group extended its bancassurance partnership with DBS Group Holdings Limited (DBS) and acquired 100%
of the issued equity share capital of Dao Heng Assurance and DBS Kwong On Insurance (together DBS Hong Kong), DBS's life
and general insurance subsidiary in Hong Kong. Total cash consideration was £31 million and net assets on acquisition of
DBS Hong Kong were £16 million, giving rise to goodwill of £15 million. Further amounts may be payable depending on the
achievement of performance targets by DBS Hong Kong.
In October 2002, the Group entered into a new bancassurance partnership with the Spanish savings bank, Caja de Granada.
As part of this transaction, Unicorp Vida, the life and pensions business owned equally by Aviva and Unicaja, and of
which Aviva has management control, acquired 50% of the issued equity share capital and management control of Caja de
Granada's life and pensions agency, Caja de Granada Vida. The Group's share of the initial cash consideration paid by
Unicorp Vida was £24 million including transaction costs with further amounts payable if Caja de Granada Vida achieves
certain performance targets. The Group's share of Caja de Granada Vida's net assets at the date of acquistion amounted
to £1 million, giving rise to goodwill of £23 million.
In January 2002, the Group acquired a further 30% of the share capital of Eurovita Italcasse Assicurazioni S.p.A
(Eurovita), a 50.96% subsidiary of the Group for a cash consideration of £21 million. The consideration is equivalent to
the increase in the Group's share of net assets and there is no additional goodwill arising. The Group now owns 80.96%
of this subsidiary.
The Group also made a number of smaller acquisitions in Continental Europe. These gave rise to an additional amount of
£38 million goodwill. Total positive goodwill arising in the year was £76 million.
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Page 22
4. Disposals
The net (loss)/profit on the disposal of subsidiary undertakings comprises:
2002 2001
Note £m £m
Long-term savings businesses
Canada - (5)
General insurance businesses
UK (a) (20) -
France (b) 6 -
New Zealand - State Insurance - 52
Australia and New Zealand (e) (66) -
United States - 125
Belgium - 46
Spain (d) 94 -
Other businesses
France (c) 1 -
UK - 70
Other small operations (19) (1)
------ ------
(4) 287
====== ======
(a) In January 2002, the Group completed the disposal of its wholly-owned subsidiary, Sabre Insurance Company Limited,
for a total consideration of £14 million. The net assets disposed of amounted to £24 million and the loss on
disposal, after transaction costs and the inclusion of £10 million of goodwill previously written off to reserves,
was £20 million.
(b) In May 2002, the Group completed the disposal of its wholly-owned subsidiary, CGU Courtage SA, for a total
consideration of £189 million. The net assets disposed of amounted to £137 million and the profit on disposal,
after transaction costs, warranties and indemnities, was £6 million.
(c) In May 2002, the Group completed the disposal of its wholly-owned subsidiary, Royal Saint Georges Banque for a
total consideration of £16 million. The net assets disposed of amounted to £15 million and the profit on disposal,
after transaction costs, was £1 million.
(d) In July 2002, the Group completed the disposal of its wholly-owned subsidiary, Plus Ultra Compania Anonima de
Seguros y Reaseguros, for a total cash consideration of £152 million. Net assets at the date of disposal amounted
to £52 million and the profit on disposal, after transaction costs, was £94 million.
(e) In October 2002, the Group entered into a binding agreement to dispose of its Australian and New Zealand general
insurance businesses which became unconditional on 24 December 2002. Under the terms of the agreement, the Group
sold its wholly-owned subsidiaries CGU Australia Limited and Belves Investments Limited, which are the holding
companies for all of Aviva's general insurance businesses in Australia and New Zealand, for a total cash
consideration of £651 million including a pre-completion dividend of £106 million. At the date of disposal, the
combined businesses had total net assets of £293 million, including the value of acquired goodwill. The loss on
disposal after writing back goodwill of £300 million previously written off to reserves and after deducting
associated costs of sale was £66 million.
In calculating the £86 million loss on the disposal of Sabre Insurance Company Limited, CGU Australia Limited and
Belves Investments Limited, £310 million of goodwill previously written off to reserves has been brought back into
account, as required by FRS10 'Goodwill and Intangible Assets'. The same goodwill amount is also credited directly
to the profit and loss account reserve and therefore has a neutral effect on shareholders' funds.
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Page 23
5. Geographical analysis of life and pensions and investment sales - new business and total income
New business sales Premium income
(after reinsurance)
New single New regular and investment sales
premiums premiums
2002 2001 2002 2001 2002 2001
£m £m £m £m £m £m
Life and pensions sales
United Kingdom
- group 6,066 6,434 591 591 8,800 8,913
- associates 171 228 16 12 299 361
------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
6,237 6,662 607 603 9,099 9,274
Europe (excluding UK)
France 1,814 1,961 42 37 2,081 2,185
Ireland 267 468 76 55 469 658
Italy 1,089 924 44 34 1,382 1,116
Netherlands (including Belgium and
Luxembourg) 709 674 87 103 1,300 1,290
Poland - Life 22 17 24 34 284 295
- Pensions 9 2 21 24 446 433
Spain 1,244 885 65 47 1,489 1,034
Other 240 188 69 72 548 492
International 863 619 89 70 1,074 813
------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Total life and pension sales
(including share of associates) 12,494 12,400 1,124 1,079 18,172 17,590
Investment sales
United Kingdom 543 808 13 8 556 816
Netherlands 119 85 - - 119 85
Poland 16 - - - 16 -
Other Europe 70 227 - - 70 227
International 267 347 - - 267 347
------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Total investment sales 1,015 1,467 13 8 1,028 1,475
------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Total long-term savings
(including share of associates) 13,509 13,867 1,137 1,087 19,200 19,065
====== ====== ====== ====== ====== ======
Single premiums are those relating to products issued by the Group, which provide for the payment of one premium only.
Regular premiums are those where there is a contractual obligation to pay on an ongoing basis.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 24
6. Geographical analysis of modified statutory life operating profit
2002 2001
£m £m
United Kingdom*
With-profit 190 275
Non-profit 436 414
Europe (excluding UK)
France 142 160
Ireland 36 49
Italy 24 26
Netherlands (including Belgium and Luxembourg) 111 214
Poland 66 46
Spain 27 36
Other (19) (21)
International 9 (5)
------ ------
Total modified statutory life operating profit 1,022 1,194
====== ======
* The other life and savings result has been reclassified to non-insurance (page 32).
7. Geographical analysis of health premiums after reinsurance and operating result
(a) Premiums after reinsurance:
2002 2001
£m £m
United Kingdom 264 242
France 107 100
Netherlands 557 499
------ ------
928 841
====== ======
(b) Operating result:
Operating profit Underwriting result
2002 2001 2002 2001
£m £m £m £m
United Kingdom 9 8 5 4
France 10 9 (2) (2)
Netherlands 42 53 (27) (15)
------ ------ ------ ------
61 70 (24) (13)
====== ====== ====== ======
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Page 25
8. Geographical analysis of general insurance premiums after reinsurance and operating result
(a) General insurance premiums after reinsurance:
2002 2001
£m £m
United Kingdom 4,740 4,777
Europe (excluding UK)
France 478 700
Ireland 377 456
Netherlands 412 387
Other 408 499
International
Canada 1,009 878
Other 381 153
------ ------
Continuing operations 7,805 7,850
Australia and New Zealand 692 583
United States - 1,103
------ ------
Discontinued operations 692 1,686
------ ------
8,497 9,536
====== ======
(b) Operating result:
Operating profit* Underwriting result*
2002 2001 2002 2001
£m £m £m £m
United Kingdom 611 590 (52) (81)
Europe (excluding UK)
France 47 58 (14) (33)
Ireland 44 48 (15) (7)
Netherlands 13 19 (21) (14)
Other 49 41 (10) (25)
International
Canada 80 72 (28) (56)
Other 37 48 (5) (7)
------ ------ ------ ------
Continuing operations 881 876 (145) (223)
Australia and New Zealand 78 69 7 (1)
United States - (21) - (173)
------ ------ ------ ------
Discontinued operations 78 48 7 (174)
------ ------ ------ ------
959 924 (138) (397)
====== ====== ====== ======
* The general insurance operating profit and underwriting result are stated before the change in the equalisation
provision of £57 million (2001: £56 million) and the Financial Services Compensation Scheme levy of £nil (2001:
£31 million).
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 26
9. Tax
The tax charge in the profit and loss account comprises:
(a) Tax on (loss)/profit on ordinary activities:
Restated*
2002 2001
£m £m
Current tax
UK corporation tax
- current year 1 (16)
- prior year (4) (4)
Overseas tax - current year (66) (80)
- prior year 6 5
Tax attributable to balance on technical account (299) (366)
------ ------
(362) (461)
------ ------
Deferred tax
Origination and reversal of timing differences 177 268
Changes in tax rates or law 5 -
(Decrease) in discount (26) (5)
------ ------
156 263
------ ------
Total tax charged in the profit and loss account (206) (198)
====== ======
(b) Tax charge analysed between:
Restated*
2002 2001
£m £m
Operating profit before tax, amortisation of goodwill, amortisation of acquired additional
value of in-force long-term business and exceptional items
Continuing operations (370) (471)
Discontinued operations (6) (8)
Profit on other ordinary activities 170 281
------ ------
(206) (198)
====== ======
(c) Factors affecting current tax charge for the year:
The tax charged in the profit and loss account is higher than if the standard UK corporation tax rate were used, because
of the following factors:
Restated*
2002 2001
£m £m
(Loss)/profit on ordinary activities before tax (282) 514
====== ======
Current tax credit/(charge) at standard UK corporation tax rate of 30% (2001: 30%) 85 (154)
Adjustment to tax charge in respect of prior years 2 1
Non-assessable dividends 9 16
Non-taxable (loss)/profit on the sale of subsidiaries and associates (58) 57
Non-taxable amortisation of goodwill (21) (28)
Other disallowable expenses (20) (26)
Utilisation of brought forward tax losses - 36
Different local basis of tax on overseas profits (51) (55)
Deferred tax credit arising from movement in unrealised gains and losses (154) (248)
Other deferred tax movements (23) (20)
Deferred tax assets not recognised (96) (23)
Other items (35) (17)
------ ------
Current tax charge for the year (362) (461)
====== ======
* Restated for the effect of Financial Reporting Standard 19.
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Page 27
10. Dividends
(a) The preference dividends in the profit and loss account comprise:
2002 2001
£m £m
Preference dividends 17 17
====== ======
The preference dividends are in respect of the cumulative irredeemable preference shares of £1 each in issue.
(b) The ordinary dividends in the profit and loss account comprise:
2002 2001
£m £m
Ordinary dividends
Interim - 8.75 pence (2001: 14.25 pence) 197 321
Final - 14.25 pence (2001: 23.75 pence) 322 536
------ ------
Total ordinary dividends 519 857
====== ======
Irish shareholders who are due to be paid a dividend denominated in euros will receive a payment at the exchange rate
prevailing on 25 February 2003.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 28
11. Earnings per share
(a) Basic earnings per share:
2002 Restated* Full year 2001
Net of tax, Net of tax,
minorities minorities
and and
preference Per preference Per
Before tax dividend share Before tax dividend share
£m £m p £m £m p
Operating profit
- continuing operations 1,218 784 34.8 1,464 919 40.8
- discontinued operations 78 72 3.2 48 40 1.8
------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
1,296 856 38.0 1,512 959 42.6
Adjusted for the following items:
- Amortisation of goodwill (135) (135) (6.0) (87) (87) (3.9)
- Amortisation of acquired additional
value of in-force long-term business
(139) (100) (4.4) (64) (49) (2.2)
- Financial Services Compensation
Scheme levy - - - (31) (22) (1.0)
- Integration costs - - - (59) (51) (2.3)
- Short-term fluctuation in
investment return (1,243) (1,071) (47.5) (988) (754) (33.4)
- Change in the equalisation
provision (57) (40) (1.8) (56) (39) (1.7)
- Net (loss)/profit arising on the
disposal of subsidiary undertakings
(4) (61) (2.7) 287 285 12.7
------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
(Loss)/profit attributable to equity
shareholders (282) (551) (24.4) 514 242 10.8
====== ====== ====== ====== ====== ======
* Restated for the effect of Financial Reporting Standard 19.
Earnings per share has been calculated based on the operating profit before amortisation of goodwill, amortisation of
acquired additional value of in-force long-term business and exceptional items, after tax, attributable to equity
shareholders, for continuing and for total operations, as well as on the profit attributable to equity shareholders. The
directors believe the former two earnings per share figures provide a better indication of operating performance. The
calculation of basic earnings per share uses a weighted average of 2,254 million (2001: 2,250 million) ordinary shares
in issue, after deducting shares owned by the employee share trusts as required by FRS14 'Earnings per share'.
The actual number of shares in issue at 31 December 2002 was 2,257 million (31 December 2001: 2,255 million).
(b) Diluted earnings per share:
2002 Restated* 2001
Weighted Weighted
average average
number of Per number of Per
Total shares share Total shares share
£m m p £m m p
(Loss)/profit attributable to equity
shareholders (551) 2,254 (24.4) 242 2,250 10.8
Dilutive effect of share awards and
options - 4 - - 4 (0.1)
------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Diluted earnings per share (551) 2,258 (24.4) 242 2,254 10.7
====== ====== ====== ====== ====== ======
* Restated for the effect of Financial Reporting Standard 19.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 29
12. Longer-term investment return
The longer-term investment return is calculated separately for each principal general insurance business and certain
long-term business operations. In respect of equities and properties, the return is calculated by multiplying the
opening market value of the investments, adjusted for sales and purchases during the year, by the longer-term rate of
investment return. The longer-term rate of investment return is determined using consistent assumptions between
operations, having regard to local economic and market forecasts of investment return. The allocated longer-term return
for other investments is the actual income receivable for the year.
The principal assumptions underlying the calculation of the longer-term investment return are:
Longer-term rates of return
Equities Properties
2002 2001 2002 2001
% % % %
United Kingdom 8.1% 8.1% 6.6% 6.6%
France 7.5% 7.5% 6.5% 6.5%
Ireland 8.7% 8.7% 6.7% 6.7%
Netherlands 8.4% 8.4% 6.5% 6.5%
Canada 9.3% 9.3% 7.3% 7.3%
--------------------------------------------------------------------
END OF PART 1 OF 2
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