Investment Manager's Year End Review

RNS Number : 6943S
Ruffer Investment Company Limited
18 July 2022
 

Ruffer Investment Company Limited

(a closed-ended investment company incorporated in Guernsey with registration number 41996)

LEI 21380068AHZKY7MKNO47

 

18 July 2022

Investment Manager's Year End Review

For the year ended 30 June 2022

 

The following review from the Investment Manager of Ruffer Investment Company Limited (the "Company") covers the twelve month period to 30 June 2022. This review is intended to give shareholders unaudited key performance indicators and a portfolio review in a timely fashion. The audited Annual Financial Statements for the year ended 30 June 2022 will be released in the usual manner prior to the end of October 2022.

Attached is a link to the Year End Review - http://www.rns-pdf.londonstockexchange.com/rns/6943S_1-2022-7-15.pdf

The Year End Review is also available on the Company's website at:

www.ruffer.co.uk/2022-ric-review

 

Post Year End Update from Duncan MacInnes

 

Hamish Baillie, my colleague since 2012 and co-manager since November 2016, has decided to step down from his role at Ruffer after 20 years of service. I will continue to manage the Ruffer Investment Company portfolio with help from the broader Ruffer investment team.

 

From a personal perspective, I have much to thank Hamish for. More than a decade ago he gave me a job and an opportunity which has changed my life. As a boss he was formidable but fair, always setting relentlessly high standards.

 

In the last few years as a partner and co-manager he has been an effective sounding board, an astute moral compass with consistently good judgement. If the measure of a good man is to leave those around him better than he found them, then Hamish Baillie is undeniably a good man.

 

He moves onto a new chapter with the best wishes and heartfelt thanks of myself and everyone else at Ruffer LLP.

 

Investment Manager's Year End Review

Key performance indicators


30 June 2022 %

30 June 2021 %

Share price total return over 12 months1

5.6

19.5

NAV total return per share over 12 months1

5.9

15.3

Premium/(discount) of share price to NAV

1.7

2.0

Dividends per share over 12 months2

3.05p

1.90p

Annualised dividend yield3

1.0

0.7

Annualised NAV total return per share since launch1

7.7

7.9

Ongoing charges ratio4

1.07

1.08

Financial highlights


30 June 2022

30 June 2021

Share price

300.00p

287.00p

NAV

£952,784,773

£575,913,008

Market capitalisation

£969,008,292

£587,541,854

Number of shares in issue

323,002,764

204,718,416

NAV per share5

294.98p

281.32p

1 Assumes reinvestment of dividends

2 Dividends paid during the period

3 Dividends paid during the year divided by closing share price

4 Calculated in accordance with AIC guidance

5 NAV per share as released on the London Stock Exchange

Investment Manager's report

Performance review

For the year to 30 June 2022 the company had a share price total return of 5.6% and the NAV total return of 5.9%. The Company has achieved its objective of preserving and growing shareholder capital.

The annualised NAV total return since inception of the Company in 2004 is 7.7%, which is ahead of UK equities with a much lower level of volatility and drawdowns.

The period has been unusually challenging for investors. The remarkable thing about Q1 2022 is that the best-case scenario was a loss of 4.5% offered by US high yield bonds. History shows how rare it is that there was nowhere to hide. However, this wasn't an anomaly - the second quarter was worse. The 60/40 portfolio is down 16% so far in 2022, a clear indicator that balanced, multi-asset portfolios are struggling.

Given all that has happened year to date, we have presented contributions for the full year to 30 June 2022 and also for the first six months of 2022.

Performance contributions for six months to 30 June 2022

With nowhere to hide in conventional assets, it is no surprise that it was the portfolio's unconventional protective assets that drove performance in the first six months of the year. Option protection via the Ruffer Protection Strategies Fund added 4.4%, driven mostly by interest rate options and equity puts. Credit protection continued to be an essential hedge contributing 3.6% via the Ruffer Illiquid Multi-Strategies Fund.

Within equities, energy stocks were the strongest contributors, adding 2.0% to performance. Individual stock performance of note came from value cyclicals - for instance Chesapeake Energy (+31%) and Mitsubishi UFJ Finance (+19%). The decision to rotate into defence and healthcare stocks was also rewarded as Northrop Grumman (+29%) and Bristol Myers Squibb (+27%) performed well.

Towards the end of the period, as fears of recession grew, exposure to the auto manufacturing sector was hit hard with Volkswagen (-25%) and General Motors (-45%) together costing the portfolio -0.5%. In the UK, exposure to domestic value stocks via Ruffer UK Mid & Smaller Companies Fund (-14%) was hurt by the political omnishambles, inflation and recession risk, detracting -0.4% from the portfolio. Both cases provided a stark reminder that cheap stocks can get cheaper in the short term.

The carnage in the long-dated inflation-linked bond market should not be understated. These assets cost the portfolio -6.0%. The 2073 index-linked bond was down as much as 54% from its November 2021 all-time high - further commentary below.

Performance contributions for 12 months to 30 June 2022

The drivers of performance over 12 months were similar to those shaping the first half of 2022. The toolkit of unconventional protections performed exactly as desired. Options added 3.7% and Ruffer Illiquid Multi-Strategies Fund added 3.3%. These protections provided both negative correlation and duration at a time of market stress and high cross-asset correlation in conventional markets.

Energy equities added 2.8% to performance and we took significant profits during the period. In the summer of 2021, we had a 7% allocation to these stocks at the end of the period this was closer to 4%.

Gold exposure and gold equities cost the portfolio 0.9% during the period. The largest individual pain came from Kinross Gold (-0.4%), which was the largest exposure in the portfolio to Russian asset risk. Gold is a prime example of the failure of conventional safe havens in recent times. Despite inflation and war being front page news, gold has misfired. We still think it has a valuable role to play, but this greater correlation with risk assets is a consequence of gold's increased financialisation.

In the period, inflation-linked bonds cost the portfolio 3.5%, with the longest dated 2073 issue down 51%. We have long called these assets the 'crown jewels' in our portfolio due to our conviction that they should provide the perfect protection in the world of financial repression we are entering. We are still of this view. But the sensitivity to rising rates we have warned about, has now been felt. This illustrates a distinction we have been labouring; investing for inflation and investing for inflation volatility are not the same thing and conflating the two will be costly. Mr Market will make us crawl through fire for the gift of redemption, and derivative protection via the unconventional toolkit remains essential to safely navigating choppy and dangerous markets. Inflation-linked bonds are now back to pre-Brexit prices - and yet in our assessment the likelihood and proximity of the inflationary denouement is much greater.

Portfolio changes

In the last few months of the period, we reduced the risk in the portfolio, moving into what we call 'crouch mode' for what we believe will be a particularly dangerous period in the second half of this year. This de-risking included

Reducing equities to a 25% weighting with hedges on top for good measure - this is the lowest weighting for Ruffer portfolios since 2003.

Increasing portfolio duration as the rise in bond yields has increased its potential effectiveness as a hedge

Rotating gold exposure from equities to bullion.

Investment outlook

Summary

The long term - an era of inflation volatility

The short term - the impossible tightrope walk

The bear is mid-grizzle

Hard hats on

There's an old Charlie Munger quote: 'If you're not a little confused about what's going on, you don't understand it'.

That sums up the fog of war, literal and metaphorical, we find the global economy immersed in. We have never had higher conviction on the long term - that we have moved into a new regime of inflation volatility and those conventional portfolios are not going to fare well. In the short term - the outlook is far murkier and path-dependent as policymakers try to navigate a narrow path without either tipping the economy into a wage-price spiral or over the other side into recession. In the meantime, liquidity continues to drain from the system.

The long term - an era of inflation volatility

So what does the new regime look like? We think we return to spasmodic bouts of inflation volatility like we saw after the World War 2 period or indeed again in the 1970s. The long-term chart of UK and US inflation makes it clear that the last 30-40 years has been something of an aberration.

We expect an extended period of accelerating financial repression - where interest rates are below the rate of inflation, forcing negative real returns upon savers. 'Stealing money from old people, slowly' as Russell Napier has memorably described it. We believe we are evolving into a staccato, stop-start world of higher inflation and faster economic growth. This will be driven by targeted government stimulus to tackle the big societal issues of the day; inequality, climate change and now the containment of the geopolitical aspirations of China and Russia.

'Ketchup inflation'

With these trends will come much greater economic and market volatility - the great moderation of inflation, growth and geopolitics enjoyed over the last 40 years is over. Having spent a decade trying in vain to create inflation, like an impatient child slapping on a ketchup bottle, central bankers have now got too much, all at once, in an uncontrolled splat. Inflation was desired as a palliative treatment for the system, the least painful method of debt default and wealth redistribution from old to young and rich to poor - but this ketchup inflation is too hot to handle. The political imperative is that something must be done.

The short term - the impossible tightrope walk

Given that some inflation is desirable but too much is political suicide, perhaps the critical question is: how hard will central bankers fight inflation?

Monetary tightening is a little like going on a diet; easy to talk about and make detailed plans for, but difficult when it comes to the reality of the hard choices and abstinence.

From the current starting point of inflation at 40-year highs in both Europe and the US and a surging, fizzing jobs market - there are no good choices. Central bankers resemble quivering funambulists facing an impossible tightrope walk as they try to meet their objectives - full employment alongside low and stable inflation. Complicating matters further they have politicians breathing down their necks as inflation has spurred a cost of living crisis which now dominates the headlines. On one side, tighten conditions too much and unemployment will surge, probably tipping the economy into recession and crushing asset markets. On the other side, do not tighten enough and risk inflation getting embedded into wages, beginning the dreaded wage-price spiral of previous inflationary episodes.

To make an impossible situation worse the tightrope walker appears a little short-sighted. In May 2021 the Bank of England thought inflation in summer 2022 would be around 2.5%. The actual result? 9.2%.

So, we must conclude that nobody has a clue - particularly not academic economists. Despite their recent mistakes they remain highly confident that inflation will drop back to around 2% by 2024 and stay there.

By June 2022, central bankers began the gradual process of rate rises in the UK and US. Indeed the Federal Reserve (Fed) is engaging in the multi-variate experiment of simultaneous rate hikes and quantitative tightening.

We are now starting to see what happens when more than a decade of easy money is removed from the system. As ex-Federal Reserve Governor Jeremy Stein said, 'the thing about monetary policy is that it gets in all the cracks'. There is no hiding from the reality of higher interest rates. Every tightening cycle throughout history has ended with a recession, a market crisis or both. 'The Fed hikes until something breaks' as the old adage goes.

The punchbowl is being taken away. Quantitative easing is melting away and quantitative tightening is beginning. Combined with rapid-fire rate hikes, it's a recipe for financial market sobriety.

It IS different this time

The policy reaction function has changed. For the last decade or so, downside risk was limited because investors knew that once equity markets declined 20% the Fed put would kick in and there would be policy easing. Today, given the need to dampen demand to tame inflation, the market upside is capped; rise too much and it will be met with more hikes and tighter financial conditions. The Fed wants higher risk premiums, and that means a lower market.

If it were to come, another Fed U-turn, similar to 2018's Powell Pivot or last November's abandoning the word "transitory", would be confirmation central bankers have lost control and America has entered an era of structurally high inflation.

The Bezzle

The economist John Kenneth Galbraith coined the idea of 'The Bezzle', a form of psychic wealth that can be created by mistake or self-delusion. The theory goes that if a collector has a Picasso painting (or should it be an NFT these days?) worth $10 million and someone steals it, there is a period of time, potentially years, where both the collector and the thief believe they have a $10 million asset and act accordingly. The effective wealth in their micro economy is $20 million. Half of the wealth that exists in this moment is illusory and will be destroyed only when the collector identifies the crime. Today's bezzle is the trillions of dollars of assets held in crypto, profitless technology and venture capital funds globally. Although these sectors have felt significant pain already, we believe there is potentially much more to come as opacity, illiquidity and discretion around asset pricing allows the bezzle to be revealed slowly rather than with a bang.

The bear is only mid grizzle

How does an asset fall 95% in value? First it falls by 90% and then it halves!

Investors under the age of 60 have been conditioned to buy the dip. Central bank easing has always been just around the corner and the market recoveries are swift and steep. A look further back in history shows that the pattern many bear markets take is a steep drop, followed by a more prolonged, grind lower over a number of years. In these scenarios, buying the first downward lurch leaves your capital almost as impaired as buying at the top. Let me explain why we have high conviction that the bear market is not over, and stocks are not (yet) a buying opportunity.

The Fed is tightening into an economic slowdown.

Valuations have come down to something more reasonable but are based on earnings estimates that remain too optimistic, still forecasting growth when flat would be a good result.

Valuations have fallen because bond yields have risen, not because the equity risk premium has widened.

Earnings reflect record high margins at a time of rising debt service, labour and energy costs and supply chain disruptions.

Consumer and CEO confidence is at multi year lows, suggesting demand reduction and recession.

So far we have seen limited signs of capitulation. In fact, flows have remained strongly positive into equity and credit throughout the sell-off. ARK Innovation ETF has suffered no net redemptions despite declining 71% in price since the peak. The 'buy the dip' mentality is alive and well.

Lastly, liquidity is the driver of market prices at the margin and this is likely to evaporate in coming months -as quantitative tightening takes hold, while rising short term rates creates a legitimate alternative to risky assets. The plumbing of the financial system exacerbates this liquidity squeeze by steering cash from banks to money market funds, which have less of a money multiplier effect in the economy. Banks, though not in danger, want to shed deposits and are not keen to expand their balance sheets, while money market funds reflect rate rises quickly and will attract flows.

Hard hats on!

In an episode of surprisingly and persistently high inflation, no allocation to risk escapes repricing. Investors in the Company delegate to Ruffer the task of assessing the economic and market landscape, evaluating the opportunity set and then deciding about how much risk to take.

We do not think this is a good environment to be risking our shareholders' capital.

Rather, we see the coming months as a period to survive, given the extent of the uncertainty around the Ukraine war, central bank policy, inflation, corporate earnings and the consequences of rising interest rates.

This is all happening as the tide of easy money recedes, and we strongly suspect that some people will be found to have been swimming naked.

In this environment, an allocation to cash is an underrated decision - it provides the certainty of a slow erosion by inflation, but it also gives you the option value of being able to move quickly. This is clearly reflected in our portfolio construction. 

As our CIO Henry Maxey wrote in the Ruffer Review at the turn of the year: 'Winter is coming for liquidity, it's coming for narcissism, it's coming for crypto, it's coming for retail punting, and it is definitely coming for businesses which depend on any of these things'.

There are times for a get rich portfolio and times for a stay rich portfolio. We believe this is the latter. There will be better moments and better prices in the future.

In The Science of Hitting by legendary baseball slugger Ted Williams, the key observation was that you don't have to swing your bat at every pitch, only at the ones which look sufficiently attractive. That insight applies in spades to investing in risky assets at this juncture. We would rather lose half of our clients, than half of our client's money.

Portfolio statement

as at 30 June 2022 (unaudited)

 

 

Currency

Holding at

30 June 22

Fair
value £

% of total

net assets

Government bonds 36.42%





(30 Jun 21: 34.27%)





Non-UK index-linked bonds





Japanese index linked bond 10/03/2026

JPY

511,000,000

3,348,828

0.35

Japanese index linked bond 10/03/2027

JPY

481,900,000

3,222,241

0.34

Japanese index linked bond 10/03/2028

JPY

521,900,000

3,413,404

0.36

US Treasury inflation indexed bond 0.625% 15/04/2023

USD

50,000,000

48,578,000

5.10

Total non-UK index-linked bonds



58,562,473

6.15

Long-dated index-linked gilts





UK index-linked gilt 0.375% 22/03/2062

GBP

9,280,400

19,212,470

2.02

UK index-linked gilt 0.125% 22/11/2065

GBP

10,856,980

19,546,768

2.05

UK index-linked gilt 0.125% 22/03/2068

GBP

12,907,220

25,128,271

2.64

UK index-linked gilt 0.125% 22/03/2073

GBP

11,512,745

19,729,944

2.07

Total long-dated index-linked gilts



83,617,453

8.78

Short-dated index-linked gilts





UK index-linked gilt 1.875% 22/11/2022

GBP

20,000,000

33,647,195

3.53

UK index-linked gilt 0.125% 22/03/2024

GBP

24,000,000

35,000,109

3.67

UK index-linked gilt 0.125% 22/03/2026

GBP

11,688,600

16,301,447

1.71

Total short-dated index-linked gilts



84,948,751

8.91

Short-dated bonds





Australia 5.75% 15/07/2022

AUD

21,000,000

11,924,252

1.25

Australia 2.25% 21/11/2022

AUD

24,000,000

13,624,994

1.43

Australia 5.5% 21/04/2023

AUD

21,500,000

12,486,116

1.31

Australia 2.75% 21/04/2024

AUD

21,000,000

11,922,227

1.25

US Treasury floating rate bond 31/10/2023

USD

35,000,000

28,786,336

3.02

US Treasury floating rate bond 31/01/2024

USD

50,000,000

41,144,576

4.32

Total short-dated bonds



119,888,501

12.58

Total government bonds



347,017,178

36.42

Corporate bonds 0.22%





(30 Jun 21: 0.00%)





PFCLN 9.75% 15/11/2026

USD

3,200,000

2,069,463

0.22

Total corporate bonds



2,069,463

0.22

Equities 25.51%





(30 Jun 21: 40.64%)





Europe





Aena

EUR

2,510

261,760

0.03

Arcelormittal

EUR

150,000

2,776,749

0.29

Bank of Ireland

EUR

627,958

3,260,603

0.34

Bayer

EUR

55,500

2,708,832

0.28

Dassault Aviation

EUR

10,007

1,281,778

0.13

Groupe Danone

EUR

15,100

692,154

0.07

Koninkliijke Vopak

EUR

160,056

3,316,302

0.35

Novartis

CHF

12,850

893,279

0.09

Prosegur Cash

EUR

720,973

386,025

0.04

Swedish Match

SEK

135,780

1,135,018

0.12

Unicredito

EUR

620,000

4,837,996

0.52

Vallourec

EUR

136,742

1,340,112

0.14

Vivendi

EUR

105,834

882,967

0.09

Volkswagen

EUR

45,122

4,970,140

0.52

Total Europe equities



28,743,715

3.01

United Kingdom





Ashmore

GBP

397,131

880,837

0.09

Associated British Foods

GBP

265,000

4,181,700

0.44

BAE Systems

GBP

118,610

984,700

0.10

Balfour Beatty

GBP

484,089

1,230,554

0.13

Beazley

GBP

344,796

1,719,842

0.18

Belvoir Lettings

GBP

390,000

877,500

0.09

BP

GBP

5,900,000

22,909,700

2.41

Conduit

GBP

263,583

886,957

0.09

Countryside Properties

GBP

93,381

231,585

0.02

Glaxosmithkline

GBP

260,000

4,590,040

0.48

Glencore

GBP

900,000

4,005,900

0.42

Grit Real Estate

GBP

3,743,544

1,123,063

0.12

Hipgnosis Songs Fund

GBP

4,500,000

4,941,000

0.52

Jet2

GBP

132,666

1,201,689

0.13

Lloyds Banking Group

GBP

10,000,000

4,231,000

0.44

Marks & Spencer

GBP

2,253,000

3,052,815

0.32

Melrose Industries

GBP

2,400,000

3,591,600

0.38

Natwest

GBP

2,000,000

4,366,000

0.46

Petrofac

GBP

1,500,000

1,681,500

0.18

Rolls-Royce Holdings

GBP

1,374,345

1,139,882

0.12

Ruffer SICAV UK Mid & Smaller Companies Fund*

GBP

92,260

21,915,425

2.30

Science Group

GBP

174,218

665,513

0.07

Serco

GBP

273,830

477,012

0.05

Shell

GBP

320,000

6,828,800

0.72

Trident Royalties

GBP

7,557,947

3,249,917

0.34

Unilever

GBP

47,844

1,780,275

0.19

Vodafone Group

GBP

4,000,000

5,065,600

0.53

Total UK equities



107,810,406

11.32

North America





American Express

USD

39,429

4,490,723

0.47

Bristol Myers Squibb

USD

55,000

3,480,744

0.37

Charles Schwab

USD

75,530

3,924,732

0.41

Chesapeake Energy

USD

74,080

4,926,703

0.52

Cigna

USD

47,000

10,171,112

1.06

Coty A

USD

310,520

2,042,425

0.21

Exxon Mobil

USD

21,600

1,520,762

0.16

General Electric

USD

23,352

1,221,675

0.13

General Motors

USD

147,000

3,836,147

0.40

Godaddy A

USD

27,663

1,580,094

0.17

Hertz

USD

63,453

825,337

0.09

II-VI

USD

31,152

1,303,329

0.14

Jackson Financial

USD

64,309

1,412,073

0.15

Meta Platforms

USD

32,206

4,264,690

0.45

Northrop Grumman

USD

8,300

3,262,749

0.34

Pfizer

USD

27,500

1,185,540

0.12

Sciplay

USD

46,097

528,423

0.06

Southwest Airlines

USD

48,739

1,446,401

0.15

Total North America equities



51,423,659

5.40

Japan





Fuji Electric

JPY

74,400

2,520,706

0.26

Fujitsu

JPY

35,000

3,586,035

0.38

Mitsubishi Electric

JPY

541,300

4,750,257

0.50

Mitsubishi UFJ Financial

JPY

2,226,700

9,808,759

1.03

NEC

JPY

136,000

4,311,531

0.45

Orix

JPY

581,000

7,996,848

0.84

Rakuten

JPY

1,051,300

3,886,236

0.41

Rohm

JPY

58,800

3,365,346

0.35

Sony

JPY

62,000

4,150,538

0.44

Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group

JPY

150,000

3,659,090

0.38

Tokio Marine

JPY

60,000

2,863,020

0.30

Total Japan equities



50,898,366

5.34

 

 

 

Currency

Holding at

30 June 22

Fair
value £

% of total

net assets

Asia (ex-Japan)





Alibaba Group

USD

30,000

2,800,706

0.29

Weiss Korea Opportunity Fund

GBP

800,000

1,448,000

0.15

Total Asia (ex-Japan) equities



4,248,706

0.44

Total equities



243,124,852

25.51

Global funds 1.15%





(30 Jun 21: 0.75%)





Renn Universal Growth Trust

GBP

937,500

0

0.00

Taylor Maritime Investments

GBP

4,519,208

4,745,168

0.50

Tufton Oceanic Assets

USD

2,562,500

2,567,129

0.27

Yellow Cake

GBP

1,125,000

3,656,250

0.38

Total global funds



10,968,547

1.15

Gold and gold equities 8.17%





(30 Jun 21: 6.62%)





Ishares Physical Gold

USD

1,620,000

46,878,634

4.92

Kinross Gold

USD

1,200,000

3,517,819

0.37

LF Ruffer Gold Fund*

GBP

9,579,120

23,966,709

2.52

X IE Physical Gold

USD

150,000

3,438,988

0.36

Total gold and gold equities



77,802,150

8.17

Credit protection and options 17.99%





(30 Jun 21: 7.46%)





Ruffer Illiquid Multi Strategies Fund 2015*

GBP

80,339,911

102,059,244

10.71

Ruffer Protection Strategies*

GBP

13,264,859

69,339,398

7.28

Total credit protection and options



171,398,642

17.99

Total investments



852,380,832

89.46

Cash and other net current assets



100,403,941

10.54




952,784,773

100.00

* Ruffer Protection Strategies International and Ruffer Illiquid Multi Strategies Fund 2015 Ltd are classed as related parties as they share the same Investment Manager (Ruffer AIFM Limited) as the Company. LF Ruffer Gold Fund and Ruffer SICAV Global Smaller Companies Fund are also classed as related parties as their investment manager (Ruffer LLP) is the parent of the Company's Investment Manager.

 

Appendix

 

Regulatory performance data

To 31 Dec %

†2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

RIC NAV TR

8.9

14.0

0.1

6.0

23.8

15.1

16.5

0.7

3.4

9.5

FTSE All-Share TR

12.3

22.0

16.8

5.3

-29.9

30.1

14.5

-3.5

12.3

20.8

Twice UK Bank Rate

9.9

9.4

11.0

11.2

3.4

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0













2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

Annualised


1.8

-1.0

12.4

1.6

-6.0

8.4

13.5

11.4

3.0

7.7


1.2

1.0

16.8

13.1

-9.5

19.2

-9.8

18.3

-4.6

7.1


1.0

1.0

1.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

0.5

0.2

0.7

3.2

 

† From July 2004

‡ To June 2022

Source: Ruffer, Bloomberg, FTSE International. Please note that past performance is not a reliable indicator of future performance. The value of the shares and the income from them can go down as well as up and you may not get back the full amount originally invested. The value of overseas investments will be influenced by the rate of exchange. Calendar quarter data has been used up to the latest quarter end. This document  is issued by Ruffer AIFM Limited (RAIFM), 80 Victoria Street, London SW1E 5JL. Ruffer LLP and Ruffer AIFM Limited are authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. Ruffer AIFM is a wholly owned subsidiary of Ruffer LLP.  © RAIFM 2022   © Ruffer LLP 2022.

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